Background Diet Influences TMAO Concentrations Associated with Red Meat Intake without Influencing Apparent Hepatic TMAO-Related Activity in a Porcine Model

Abstract

Red meat has been associated with an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, possibly through gut microbial-derived trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). However, previous reports are conflicting, and influences from the background diet may modulate the impact of meat consumption. This study investigated the effect of red and white meat intake combined with two different background diets on urinary TMAO concentration and its association with the colon microbiome in addition to apparent hepatic TMAO-related activity. For 4 weeks, 32 pigs were fed chicken or red and processed meat combined with a prudent or western background diet. 1 H NMR-based metabolomics analysis was conducted on urine samples and hepatic Mrna expression of TMAO-related genes determined. Lower urinary TMAO concentrations were observed after intake of red and processed meat when consumed with a prudent compared to a western background diet. In addition, correlation analyses between urinary TMAO concentrations and relative abundance of colon bacterial groups suggested an association between TMAO and specific bacterial taxa. Diet did not affect the hepatic Mrna expression of genes related to TMAO formation. The results suggest that meat-induced TMAO formation is regulated by mechanisms other than alterations at the hepatic gene expression level, possibly involving modulations of the gut microbiota.

Association of Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide and Its Dietary Determinants with the Risk of Kidney Graft Failure: Results of the TransplantLines Cohort Study

“…To determine whether the model with a higher HR can improve the predictive ability of an independent multicenter validated predictive model for kidney graft failure that includes age, sex, serum albumin, the urine albumin-creatinine ratio, and eGFR [ 29 ], the net reclassification improvement (NRI) [ 30 ] was calculated for an enhanced model that included TMAO and its dietary determinants, according to the cross-sectional relationships and previous reports in the literature [ 13 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ], i.e., fish and seafood, red meat, and eggs. In order to avoid bias, for the computation of NRI, four predefined risk categories for kidney graft failure previously described in the literature were used: Low (<5%); medium low (5% to 10%); medium high (11% to 20); and high (>20%) [ 29 ].…”

The Relationship between Choline Bioavailability from Diet, Intestinal Microbiota Composition, and Its Modulation of Human Diseases

“…This discrepancy may be explained by differences in inclusion criteria, with studies applying stricter criteria taking into account individuals’ dietary history reporting more significant changes, suggesting an inverse correlation between years’ spent vegan and TMAO levels. Notably, background diet was found to influence the meat consumption-induced TMAO concentration in a porcine model, with pigs fed high-fiber diets showing a significantly lower increase in TMAO levels compared to those kept on a high-fat Western-like background diet [ 161 ]. This emphasizes the modulatory effect of a habitual diet on short-term dietary intervention-related health outcomes.…”

Insights in the regulation of trimetylamine N-oxide production using a comparative biomimetic approach suggest a metabolic switch in hibernating bears

“…High intake of red meat (especially processed and red meat) has been associated with increased risk of CKD 81 and premature ageing in the general population 82 . Chronic dietary exposures of red meat increase TMAO levels via modulation of the gut microbiota 83 . We compared CKD 3 patients with felids and hibernating brown bears with comparable levels of S-creatinine (Table 2) and report major differences in betaine and TMAO levels (Fig.…”