“…Although there are differences in the daily speaking language for every country in the MENA region, in general they use the same official language that is the Arabic language or known as 'Modern Standard Arabic' (Heine, 2004). The countries in the MENA region which use the Arabic language are those in the Arab Gulf which are Bahrain, Kuwait, Iraq, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE Savvaidis et al (2022), the Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries which are Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia and Mauritania Parshotam (2022) as well as other member countries of the Arab League such as Djiobouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen and Syria (Ismail et al, 2018).…”