“…Trains of smaller secondary dunes, superimposed on large primary dunes, have been observed in rivers worldwide (Cisneros et al., 2020; Galeazzi et al., 2018; Zomer et al., 2021). Many methods, including flume experiments (Lee et al., 2021; Reesink et al., 2018), field data collection (De Ruijsscher et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2022; Zheng et al., 2022), linear stability analysis (Colombini, 2004; Ogor, 2018), Geographic Information System methods (Cassol et al., 2021, 2022; Debese et al., 2016; Di Stefano & Mayer, 2018), and numerical models (Krabbendam et al., 2023; Lefebvre & Cisneros, 2023; Paarlberg et al., 2009; Thibaud et al., 2013), have been employed to study river dune morphology and dynamics. However, recent studies have indicated that dunes in the laboratory exhibit a steeper lee side angle compared to those observed under field conditions (de Lange et al., 2021; Kostaschuk & Venditti, 2019; Van der Mark et al., 2008).…”