Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decisions

Elmore, Richard F.

doi:10.2307/2149628

Cited by 803 publications

(467 citation statements)

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“…One of us has dealt with the political issues in several recent essays (see Cohen, 1991 andCohen 2 andSpillane, 1992 The chief exceptions to this rule were the RAND Change Agent studies (Berman and 5 McLaughlin 1987), Elmore (1979), andPressman andWildavsky (1984). Lipsky (1980) The survey was designed by Ball,Cohen,Peterson and Wilson,in partnership with Dr. Joan 8 Talbert at the Stanford University Graduate School of Education-and carried out by Dr. Talbert (see Appendix A for a summary of the sampling frame).…”

Section: Appendix Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instructional Policy and Classroom Performance: The Mathematics Reform in California

Cohen¹,

Hill²

1998

PsycEXTRA Dataset

128

151

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Educational reformers increasingly seek to manipulate policies regarding assessment, curriculum, and professional development in order to improve instruction. They assume that manipulating these elements of instructional policy will change teachers' practice, which will then improve student performance. We formalize these ideas into a rudimentary model of the relations among instructional policy, teaching, and learning. We propose that successful instructional policies are themselves instructional in nature: because teachers figure as a key connection between policy and practice, their opportunities to learn about and from policy are a crucial influence both on their practice, and, at least indirectly, on student achievement. Using data from a 1994 survey of California elementary school teachers and 1994 student California Learning Assessment System (CLAS) scores, we examine the influence of assessment, curriculum, and professional development on teacher practice and student achievement. Our results bear out the usefulness of the model: under circumstances that we identify, policy can affect practice, and both can affect student performance.

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Section: Appendix Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instructional Policy and Classroom Performance: The Mathematics Reform in California

Cohen¹,

Hill²

1998

PsycEXTRA Dataset

128

151

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“…Following t he recommendat ions of a number of scholars (Radaelli 2003, Borzel 2005, t his st udy explicit ly incorporat es a bot t om-up research design, drawing on well-est ablished approaches in t he policy implement at ion lit erat ure (Lipsky 1971;Hj ern and Port er 1981;Barret and Fudge 1981). More specifically, it combines " backward mapping" and " forward mapping" research t echniques as proposed by Elmore (1979). The lat t er approach ' begins at t he t op of t he process, wit h a clear … st at ement … of t he policy-makers int ent .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Made to Measure? Europeanization, Goodness of Fit and Adaptation Pressures in EU Competition Policy and Regional Aid

Méndez

Wishlade

Yuill

2008

Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice

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Made to Measure? Europeanization, 'goodness of fit' and adaptation pressures in EU competition policy and regional aid European Policy Research Paper, No. 61 European Policies Research Centre ii Made to Measure? Europeanization, 'goodness of fit' and adaptation pressures in EU competition policy and regional aid ABSTRACTIncreasing at t ent ion has been devot ed t o underst anding t he process and out comes of Europeanizat ion, but t he measurement of it s impact and of t he adapt at ional pressures involved remains elusive. Convent ional const ruct s of Europeanizat ion view ' goodness of fit ' as a key indicat or of t he level of adapt at ional pressure. However, t he number and variet y of fact ors t o consider cast s doubt on t he usefulness of t his concept as a predict or of out comes, as opposed t o an ex post explanat ory variable.The measurement of Europeanizat ion and adapt at ional pressures can be facilit at ed by t hree element s: adopt ing an EU-wide perspect ive t o enable a comparat ive assessment of impact s and out comes; using a clear example of a new European level policy init iat ive t hat impact s on all Member St at es simult aneously; and a det ailed knowledge of t he ex ant e and ex post sit uat ion in each Member St at e. The case st udy analysed here incorporat es all t hese element s.In 1998 t he European Commission int roduced regional St at e aid guidelines t hat were explicit ly modelled on t he German approach t o regional aid. From 2000 t hese rules were t o be imposed on all t he Member St at es, almost all of which had radically different regional aid t radit ions. Over t he period 1998-2000, t his result ed in fundament al policy reviews in most count ries and int ense negot iat ions bet ween Member St at es and DG Compet it ion. Count er-int uit ively, perhaps, given t he apparent ly very limit ed adapt at ion required, t he most difficult negot iat ions concerned German regional aid, wit h t he disput e culminat ing in Germany challenging t he Commission before t he European Court of Just ice.Against t his background, t his art icle provides a cross-count ry analysis and evaluat ion of adapt at ional pressures under t he 1998 regional aid guidelines. It cont ribut es t o t he Europeanizat ion lit erat ure by exploring t he means by which policy change can be measured and by invest igat ing whet her t he predict ive capacit y of ' goodness of fit ' can be improved.

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“…There is evidence that the exercise of discretion by public sector staff closest to problems can result in more appropriate policy, effective practical solutions and greater public accountability (Lipsky, 1980, Elmore, 1979, Hupe, 2008, Hupe and Hill, 2007. It may also be a way to retain talented staff who value autonomy and room for creativity and experimentation.…”

Section: Discretion Incentivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organising for Donor Effectiveness: An Analytical Framework for Improving Aid Effectiveness

Gulrajani

2013

Development Policy Review

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Backward Mapping: Implementation Research and Policy Decisions

Cited by 803 publications

References 0 publications

Instructional Policy and Classroom Performance: The Mathematics Reform in California

Instructional Policy and Classroom Performance: The Mathematics Reform in California

Made to Measure? Europeanization, Goodness of Fit and Adaptation Pressures in EU Competition Policy and Regional Aid

Organising for Donor Effectiveness: An Analytical Framework for Improving Aid Effectiveness

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