A summary of the major findings concerning light modulation in Acinetobacter baumannii, which governs aspects related to the success of this microorganism as a nosocomial pathogen, is presented. Particularly, the evidence shows that light modulates the ability of the bacteria to persist in the environment, its virulence against eukaryotic hosts and even susceptibility to certain antibiotics. The light signal is sensed through different mechanisms, in some cases involving specialized photoreceptors of the BLUF-type, whereas in others, directly by a photosensitizer molecule. We also provide new data concerning the genomic context of BLUF-domain containing proteins within the genus Acinetobacter, as well as further insights into the mechanism of light-mediated reduction in susceptibility to antibiotics. The overall information points toward light being a crucial stimulus in the lifestyle of members of the genus Acinetobacter as well as in other clinically relevant species, such as members of the ESKAPE group, playing therefore an important role in the clinical settings.
INTRODUCTIONOur planet is one of the few places in universe close enough to one star that its whole surface bathes in light, and where life can take place. Each human cell and most forms of life on Earth synchronize their activities taking into account this ubiquitous environmental signal.In addition to incident solar radiation, humans and other organisms are exposed to artificial and man-made electromagnetic radiation used for indoor and outdoor lighting, medical diagnosis and treatment of diseases (1).However, the effects light produces on living organisms are far from being completely understood. In the case of bacteria, extensive knowledge has been accumulated for phototrophs, which capture light to convert it into chemical bond energy or electrochemical potential for processes dedicated to satisfy cellular energy requirements (2,3). However, information recalled during the last decades indicates that this signal also plays a role in the physiology of environmental and pathogenic chemotrophic nonphototrophic prokaryotes (3-5). Pertinent examples include physiological responses as diverse and interesting as morphogenesis in Stigmatella aurantiaca (6); carotenogenesis in Streptomyces coelicolor (7) and Myxococcus xanthus (8,9); the general response to stress in Bacillus subtilis (10,11); the attachment of Caulobacter crescentus to glass surfaces (12); the photophobic response and various biofilm functions in Escherichia coli (13,14); biofilm formation in Idiomarina loihiensis (15); motility in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and other Acinetobacter species (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Light signals perceived by nonphotosynthetic bacteria may even modulate their interactions with hosts (5,21). For instance, light regulates the general stress response and infection of macrophages by Brucella abortus (22,23), the virulence of Agrobacterium tumefaciens toward cucumber (24); the invasiveness of Listeria monocytogenes for enterocytes (25); the nodulation o...