Bacteremia in Early Infancy: Etiology and Management

Cantey, Joseph B.; Farris, Amanda C.; McCormick, Sarah

doi:10.1007/s11908-015-0508-3

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Here, we demonstrate that among the known virosphere, 320 virus species are related to human infections ( Supplementary Table S3 ). Among them, 146 (45.6%) infect only humans; 116 (36.2%) infect humans and other mammals, some considered important zoonosis, such as rabies ( Rabies lyssavirus ), poxviruses ( Orthopoxvirus ), and hantaviruses ( Hantavirus ) ( Shchelkunov, 2013 ; Jackson, 2016b ; Jiang et al, 2017 ); and 58 (18.2%) are arboviruses (viruses transmitted by arthropods, including mosquitoes, sandflies and ticks) ( Figure 4A ). These viruses are classified within 26 families, wherein Anelloviridae , Bunyaviridae , and Papillomaviridae are the most significant, gathering 44% of the human viruses ( Figure 4B ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Anthropocentric View of the Virosphere-Host Relationship

et al. 2017

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For over a century, viruses have been known as the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on Earth, forming a virosphere. Based on extensive meta-analyses, we present, for the first time, a wide and complete overview of virus–host network, covering all known viral species. Our data indicate that most of known viral species, regardless of their genomic category, have an intriguingly narrow host range, infecting only 1 or 2 host species. Our data also show that the known virosphere has expanded based on viruses of human interest, related to economical, medical or biotechnological activities. In addition, we provide an overview of the distribution of viruses on different environments on Earth, based on meta-analyses of available metaviromic data, showing the contrasting ubiquity of head-tailed phages against the specificity of some viral groups in certain environments. Finally, we uncovered all human viral species, exploring their diversity and the most affected organic systems. The virus–host network presented here shows an anthropocentric view of the virology. It is therefore clear that a huge effort and change in perspective is necessary to see more than the tip of the iceberg when it comes to virology.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Anthropocentric View of the Virosphere-Host Relationship

et al. 2017

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“…pneumoniae in comparison to younger children and infants [ 51 , 52 ]. Recent reports have described a favorable reduction of community-acquired pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease following PCV uptake among developing countries [ 18 , 53 , 54 ]. Similarly, the development of an RSV vaccine is underway, tailored to target populations such as infants, children, and pregnant mothers [ 55 – 57 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiology of severe pneumonia in Ecuadorian children

et al. 2017

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BackgroundIn Latin America, community-acquired pneumonia remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children. Few studies have examined the etiology of pneumonia in Ecuador.MethodsThis observational study was part of a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial conducted among children aged 2–59 months with severe pneumonia in Quito, Ecuador. Nasopharyngeal and blood samples were tested for bacterial and viral etiology by polymerase chain reaction. Risk factors for specific respiratory pathogens were also evaluated.ResultsAmong 406 children tested, 159 (39.2%) had respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 71 (17.5%) had human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and 62 (15.3%) had adenovirus. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified in 37 (9.2%) samples and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in three (0.74%) samples. The yearly circulation pattern of RSV (P = 0.0003) overlapped with S. pneumoniae, (P = 0.03) with most cases occurring in the rainy season. In multivariable analysis, risk factors for RSV included younger age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.9, P = 0.01) and being underweight (aOR = 1.8, P = 0.04). Maternal education (aOR = 0.82, P = 0.003), pulse oximetry (aOR = 0.93, P = 0.005), and rales (aOR = 0.25, P = 0.007) were associated with influenza A. Younger age (aOR = 3.5, P = 0.007) and elevated baseline respiratory rate were associated with HPIV-3 infection (aOR = 0.94, P = 0.03).ConclusionThese results indicate the importance of RSV and influenza, and potentially modifiable risk factors including undernutrition and future use of a RSV vaccine, when an effective vaccine becomes available.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT 00513929

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“…1 In addition, it also causes a range of conditions in vulnerable non-pregnant adults. 2 Infection in neonates can lead to both death and long term sequelae of meningitis, 3 and disease in affected non-pregnant adults carries a high mortality. 2 The use of targeted intrapartum antibiotics has had some success in reducing the burden of early-onset (under seven days of life) GBS disease (EOD), but has no impact on late onset neonatal disease (LOD) or disease in older children and adults.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The burden of infant group B streptococcal infections in Ontario: Analysis of administrative data to estimate the potential benefits of new vaccines

Hartley

Kunkel

et al. 2018

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading bacterial cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis in many countries as well as an important cause of disease in pregnant women. Currently, serotype-specific conjugate vaccines are being developed. We conducted an epidemiological analysis of health administrative data to estimate the burden of infant GBS disease in Ontario, Canada and combined these estimates with literature on serotype distribution to estimate the burden of disease likely to be vaccine-preventable. Between 1st January 2005 and 31st December 2015, 907 of 64320 health care encounters in Ontario in patients under 1 year old had codes specifically identifying GBS as the cause of the disease, of which 717 were under one month of age. In addition, application of epidemiological data to the remaining patients allowed us to estimate a further 2322 cases and among them 1822 were under one month of age. In the same period, 579 confirmed neonatal invasive GBS cases in patients up to one month of age were reported to public health. Depending on serotype distribution, vaccination coverage and early versus late onset disease (0-6 days and 7-90 days of age respectively), the preventable fraction ranged widely. With a vaccine that is 90% effective and 60% immunization coverage, up to 52% of early and late onset disease could be prevented by forthcoming vaccines. GBS is under-reported in Ontario. Uncertainty about the potential impact of vaccine indicates that further analysis and research may be needed to prepare for policy-decision making, including clinical validation studies and an economic evaluation of GBS vaccination in Ontario.

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Bacteremia in Early Infancy: Etiology and Management

Cited by 8 publications

References 88 publications

An Anthropocentric View of the Virosphere-Host Relationship

An Anthropocentric View of the Virosphere-Host Relationship

Etiology of severe pneumonia in Ecuadorian children

The burden of infant group B streptococcal infections in Ontario: Analysis of administrative data to estimate the potential benefits of new vaccines

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