Bacteria Respiration and Phosphorylation of Bacteria N. S. Gel'man M. A. Lukoyanova D. N. Ostrovskii

Porter, J. R.

doi:10.2307/1294335

Cited by 4 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…These observations argue in favor of the traditional model for lytic replication of herpesviruses, but they also demonstrate that the presence of multiple origins of replication and repeated sequence elements generates replication intermediates that may require extensive editing before infectious genomes are produced. The UL12 alkaline exonuclease seems to be involved in processing of replicated DNA because a knock-out mutant shows severely impaired growth and generates capsids containing abnormal genomes (9). The observation that large numbers of non-infectious yet DNA-containing virus particles are produced in cells infected by a virus lacking the alkaline exonuclease demonstrates the need for proper editing of primary replication products.…”

Section: Structure Of Replicating Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA

Muylaert

Tang

Elias

2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Replication of herpes simplex virus takes place in the cell nucleus and is carried out by a replisome composed of six viral proteins: the UL30-UL42 DNA polymerase, the UL5-UL8-UL52 helicase-primase, and the UL29 single-stranded DNA-binding protein ICP8. The replisome is loaded on origins of replication by the UL9 initiator origin-binding protein. Virus replication is intimately coupled to recombination and repair, often performed by cellular proteins. Here, we review new significant developments: the three-dimensional structures for the DNA polymerase, the polymerase accessory factor, and the singlestranded DNA-binding protein; the reconstitution of a functional replisome in vitro; the elucidation of the mechanism for activation of origins of DNA replication; the identification of cellular proteins actively involved in or responding to viral DNA replication; and the elucidation of requirements for formation of replication foci in the nucleus and effects on protein localization.Herpesviruses are found in all animals from molluscs to man. During evolution, the viruses have become tightly associated and co-evolved with their hosts. They seem to cross species borders only by accident, and in such rare instances, they may cause unexpected and severe disease. Herpesviruses have an unusual lifestyle; they cause lytic infection in cells, leading to efficient production of new infectious virus particles, and they also establish latent infections in either non-dividing neuronal cells or cycling cells of the immune system. The latent state is characterized by expression of a very limited set of genes to ascertain maintenance of virus chromosomes and to escape recognition by the immune system. The mechanisms for establishing latency appear to differ considerably for different herpesviruses. In contrast, mechanisms for replication of virus DNA during lytic infection and subsequent formation of infectious particles seem to be evolutionarily conserved. There is one notable exception; the mechanism for recognition of origins of DNA replication and initiation of DNA synthesis differs between the herpesvirus families.Humans can be infected by eight different herpesviruses. Herpes simplex viruses I and II and varicella zoster virus are alphaherpesviruses. Cytomegalovirus and the roseoloviruses, human herpesviruses 6 and 7, are classified as betaherpesviruses. Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus belong to the gammaherpesvirus subfamily.In this minireview, we discuss recent developments in replication, recombination, and repair of herpes simplex virus DNA. We will take as our starting point a previous minireview in the Journal of Biological Chemistry that provides an insightful and accurate description of basic mechanisms and components of the herpes simplex virus replication machinery (1). Noteworthy new developments have been (i) the presentation of three-dimensional structures for the DNA polymerase, the polymerase accessory factor, and the single-stranded DNA-binding protein (ssDNA) 2 ; (ii) the recons...

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Section: Structure Of Replicating Dnamentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA

Muylaert

Tang

Elias

2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…After 1 h, the inoculum was removed, and the mono-layers were washed with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium followed by incubation with 1 ml of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 2% FBS. The cell culture supernatants were harvested at 0, 4,8,12,16, and 24 h p.i., clarified by centrifugation, and stored at Ϫ80°C. Titers were determined by plaque assays in BHK cells.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Together, these proteins form a replisome capable of coordinated synthesis of leading and lagging strands (7). In addition, a nuclease, the UL12 gene product, is required for efficient virus production (8,9). It seems evident that additional proteins, probably of cellular origin, are required to complete synthesis of HSV-1 DNA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Knockdown of DNA Ligase IV/XRCC4 by RNA Interference Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type I DNA Replication

Muylaert

Elias

2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Herpes simplex virus has a linear double-stranded DNA genome with directly repeated terminal sequences needed for cleavage and packaging of replicated DNA. In infected cells, linear genomes rapidly become endless. It is currently a matter of discussion whether the endless genomes are circles supporting rolling circle replication or arise by recombination of linear genomes forming concatemers. Here, we have examined the role of mammalian DNA ligases in the herpes simplex virus, type I (HSV-1) life cycle by employing RNA interference (RNAi) in human 1BR.3.N fibroblasts. We find that RNAi-mediated knockdown of DNA ligase IV and its co-factor XRCC4 causes a hundred-fold reduction of virus yield, a small plaque phenotype, and reduced DNA synthesis. The effect is specific because RNAi against DNA ligase I or DNA ligase III fail to reduce HSV-1 replication. Furthermore, RNAi against DNA ligase IV and XRCC4 does not affect replication of adenovirus. In addition, high multiplicity infections of HSV-1 in human DNA ligase IVdeficient cells reveal a pronounced delay of production of infectious virus. Finally, we demonstrate that formation of endless genomes is inhibited by RNAi-mediated depletion of DNA ligase IV and XRCC4. Our results suggests that DNA ligase IV/XRCC4 serves an important role in the replication cycle of herpes viruses and is likely to be required for the formation of the endless genomes early during productive infection. Herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1)2 has a 152-kb linear double-stranded genome with direct repeats, a sequences, presented at the genomic termini (1). Once the genomic DNA is delivered through the nuclear pores, it rapidly becomes converted to an endless state (2-4). The endless genomes may be circular molecules, products of rolling circle replication, and/or concatemers formed by recombination or intermolecular ligation. It has been a commonly held opinion that circular genomes are replicated from the viral origins of replication, oriS and oriL, by theta type replication and that later a switch into a rolling circle mode of replication will take place (1). As a result, the products of viral DNA synthesis appear as linear concatemers, which are the immediate precursors for the cleavage packaging process. This view has recently received strong support by the observation that a genetically modified HSV-1 genome undergoes fusion of the termini rapidly upon infection and in the presence of inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis (4). Alternatively, it has been proposed that circularization does not take place during the productive phase of wild-type HSV-1 infection (5, 6). Instead, the linear genomes are substrates for replication, and concatemers are formed later by recombination. Circular molecules, on the other hand, are proposed to be unique to latently infected neurons.To provide some insights into the issues raised above, it would be beneficial to identify the enzymes required for replication and recombination of viral genomes. HSV-1 encodes seven gene products directly involved in DNA synthe...

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“…The taxonomic accuracy of named Sclerocactus in northwestern New Mexico was also recently investigated using RAD-seq in a management report (Porter et al, 2018). The taxonomic placement of S. cloverae has been debated as well as the distinction of S. cloverae subsp.…”

Section: Sclerocactus Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, species have been differentiated based on overall size, central spine number and shape, seed surface cell types, flower color, and fruit shape (Heil and Porter, 1994;Hochstätter, 1995;Hochstätter, 1996a;Hochstätter, 1996b, Hochstätter, 1997Porter et al, 2013). However, genetic analyses have demonstrated that several of these morphological features, specifically spine shape (Schwabe et al, 2015) and overall size (Porter et al, 2018; McGlaughlin unpublished data) 1 do not align with genetically recognized groups (Schwabe et al, 2015;Porter et al, 2018;Porter et al, 2013; McGlaughlin unpublished data) 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation genetics of Sclerocactus in Colorado: the importance of accurate taxonomy to conservation

McGlaughlin,

Naibauer

2023

Front. Conserv. Sci.

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IntroductionRecent advances in genetic data collection utilizing next-generation DNA sequencing technologies have the potential to greatly aid the taxonomic assessment of species of conservation concern, particularly species that have been difficult to describe using morphology alone. Accurate taxonomic descriptions aided by genetic data are essential to directing limited conservation resources to species most in need. Sclerocactus glaucus is a plant endemic to Western Colorado that is currently listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). However, in 2023, the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed de-listing S. glaucus from the ESA due to recovery of the species. Previous research had found substantial genetic structure between populations in the northern part of the S. glaucus range relative to the majority of the species distribution.MethodsIn this study we utilized double-digest Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq) in order to better understand the genetic structure of S. glaucus.ResultsOur results indicate that S. glaucus contains two distinct evolutionary lineages that warrant recognition at the level of species, with what was previously described as S. glaucus North being recognized as Sclerocactus dawsoniae.DiscussionThe newly described S. dawsoniae has a limited estimated number of individuals, low levels of nucleotide diversity, a very narrow geographic range, and an uneven geographic distribution with most plants being found in a single management area, all of which supports continued direct conservation of this species. In contrast, S. glaucus has a large estimated minimum population size, a broad geographic range that includes numerous protected areas, and adequate levels of genetic diversity. Without further conservation action, a delisting decision for S. glaucus will simultaneously remove all Endangered Species Act protections for S. dawsoniae. The current work demonstrates the importance of having robust genetic datasets when planning conservation activities for species of concern. Moving forward, we recommend that government stakeholders prioritize supporting genetic studies of endangered species prior to making any changes to listing decisions.

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Bacteria Respiration and Phosphorylation of Bacteria N. S. Gel'man M. A. Lukoyanova D. N. Ostrovskii

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA

Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA

Knockdown of DNA Ligase IV/XRCC4 by RNA Interference Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Type I DNA Replication

Conservation genetics of Sclerocactus in Colorado: the importance of accurate taxonomy to conservation

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