Bacteria-Triggered Systemic Immunity in Barley Is Associated with WRKY and ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORs But Not with Salicylic Acid

Dey, Sanjukta; Wenig, Marion; Langen, Gregor; Sharma, Sapna; Kugler, Karl G.; Knappe, Claudia; Hause, Bettina; Bichlmeier, Marlies; Babaeizad, Valiollah; Imani, Jafargholi; Janzik, I.; Stempfl, Thomas; Hückelhoven, Ralph; Kogel, Karl‐Heinz; Mayer, Klaus; Vlot, A. Corina

doi:10.1104/pp.114.249276

Cited by 70 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 120 publications

(176 reference statements)

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“…In the present study, no significant changes to JA levels were detected except for a decrease in Mundah ( Figure 5 ). Concentrations of JA measured in barley roots here were much lower (less than 0.1 ng g -1 FW and close to limit of quantitation; Figure 5 ) than concentrations reported for barley leaves in an earlier study (Dey et al, 2014). JA is primarily synthesized and stored in leaves, flowers and fruits (Baldwin et al, 1994; Creelman and Mullet, 1995), which would explain the large concentration differences between roots and leaves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Quantitative Profiling Method of Phytohormones and Other Metabolites Applied to Barley Roots Subjected to Salinity Stress

et al. 2017

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As integral parts of plant signaling networks, phytohormones are involved in the regulation of plant metabolism and growth under adverse environmental conditions, including salinity. Globally, salinity is one of the most severe abiotic stressors with an estimated 800 million hectares of arable land affected. Roots are the first plant organ to sense salinity in the soil, and are the initial site of sodium (Na+) exposure. However, the quantification of phytohormones in roots is challenging, as they are often present at extremely low levels compared to other plant tissues. To overcome this challenge, we developed a high-throughput LC-MS method to quantify ten endogenous phytohormones and their metabolites of diverse chemical classes in roots of barley. This method was validated in a salinity stress experiment with six barley varieties grown hydroponically with and without salinity. In addition to phytohormones, we quantified 52 polar primary metabolites, including some phytohormone precursors, using established GC-MS and LC-MS methods. Phytohormone and metabolite data were correlated with physiological measurements including biomass, plant size and chlorophyll content. Root and leaf elemental analysis was performed to determine Na+ exclusion and K+ retention ability in the studied barley varieties. We identified distinct phytohormone and metabolite signatures as a response to salinity stress in different barley varieties. Abscisic acid increased in the roots of all varieties under salinity stress, and elevated root salicylic acid levels were associated with an increase in leaf chlorophyll content. Furthermore, the landrace Sahara maintained better growth, had lower Na+ levels and maintained high levels of the salinity stress linked metabolite putrescine as well as the phytohormone metabolite cinnamic acid, which has been shown to increase putrescine concentrations in previous studies. This study highlights the importance of root phytohormones under salinity stress and the multi-variety analysis provides an important update to analytical methodology, and adds to the current knowledge of salinity stress responses in plants at the molecular level.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

A Quantitative Profiling Method of Phytohormones and Other Metabolites Applied to Barley Roots Subjected to Salinity Stress

et al. 2017

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“…Moreover, SA-independent SAR activation, which is moderate for Arabidopsis ( Figures 2B and 2C), might be more pronounced in monocots, as activation of systemic immunity in barley by leaf inoculation with bacterial pathogens has been shown to proceed in an NPR1-independent manner (Dey et al, 2014). Which molecular components besides Pip and FMO1 could be involved in the SA-independent signaling pathway leading to partial SAR and defense priming in Arabidopsis?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pipecolic Acid Orchestrates Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance and Defense Priming via Salicylic Acid-Dependent and -Independent Pathways

et al. 2015

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We investigated the relationships of the two immune-regulatory plant metabolites, salicylic acid (SA) and pipecolic acid (Pip), in the establishment of plant systemic acquired resistance (SAR), SAR-associated defense priming, and basal immunity. Using SA-deficient sid2, Pip-deficient ald1, and sid2 ald1 plants deficient in both SA and Pip, we show that SA and Pip act both independently from each other and synergistically in Arabidopsis thaliana basal immunity to Pseudomonas syringae. Transcriptome analyses reveal that SAR establishment in Arabidopsis is characterized by a strong transcriptional response systemically induced in the foliage that prepares plants for future pathogen attack by preactivating multiple stages of defense signaling and that SA accumulation upon SAR activation leads to the downregulation of photosynthesis and attenuated jasmonate responses systemically within the plant. Whereas systemic Pip elevations are indispensable for SAR and necessary for virtually the whole transcriptional SAR response, a moderate but significant SA-independent component of SAR activation and SAR gene expression is revealed. During SAR, Pip orchestrates SA-dependent and SA-independent priming of pathogen responses in a FLAVIN-DEPENDENT-MONOOXYGENASE1 (FMO1)-dependent manner. We conclude that a Pip/FMO1 signaling module acts as an indispensable switch for the activation of SAR and associated defense priming events and that SA amplifies Pip-triggered responses to different degrees in the distal tissue of SAR-activated plants.

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“…The WRKY TFs show high binding affinity to the W‐box sequence (T/C)TGAC(C/T) (Rushton et al ., ). The WRKY TFs are known to play critical roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses, such as pathogen infection (Liu et al ., ; Mao et al ., ; Chen et al ., ; Dey et al ., ), high salt (Niu et al ., ; Liang et al ., ), drought stress (Luo et al ., ; Sun et al ., ; Li et al ., ), oxidative stress (Yan et al ., ), nutrient stress (Chen et al ., ; Su et al ., ; Dai et al ., ) and high temperature (Cai et al ., ; He et al ., ). In addition to their important role in stress responses, WRKYs are also involved in a wide range of plant growth and development processes, such as seed dormancy and germination (Luo et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ; Ding et al ., ), seed size (Gu et al ., ), fruit maturation (Cheng et al ., ; Ye et al ., ) and senescence (Besseau et al ., ; Meng et al ., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TaWRKY51 promotes lateral root formation through negative regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wang

et al. 2018

The Plant Journal

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Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple food crop worldwide. Lateral roots (LRs), as the major component of root architecture, affect water and nutrient uptake in wheat. The phytohormone ethylene is known to affect LR formation; however, the factor(s) modulating ethylene during this process have not yet been elucidated in wheat. Here we identified wheat TaWRKY51 as a key factor that functions in LR formation by modulating ethylene biosynthesis. Wheat TaWRKY51RNA interference lines (TaWRKY51-RNAi) and the homozygous mutants tawrky51-2a and tawrky51-2b all produced fewer LRs than the wild type and negative transgenic plants, whereas the TaWRKY51 overexpression lines (TaWRKY51-OE) had the opposite phenotype. Transcription analysis revealed that 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS) genes (TaACS2, TaACS7 and TaACS8) involved in ethylene biosynthesis were downregulated in TaWRKY51-OE lines but upregulated in TaWRKY51-RNAi lines. The rate of ethylene production also decreased in TaWRKY51-OE lines but increased in TaWRKY51-RNAi lines compared with their respective negative transgenic controls. Electrophoretic mobility shift and transient expression assays revealed that TaWRKY51 inhibits the expression of ACS genes by binding to the W-box cis-element present in their promoter region. Moreover, overexpression of ACS2 or exogenous application of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid reversed the phenotype of enhanced LR number in TaWRKY51-OE Arabidopsis lines, and overexpression of TaWRKY51 in the ethylene-overproducing mutant eto1-1 rescued its LR defect phenotype. In addition, genetic evidence demonstrates that TaWRKY51-regulated LR formation is also dependent on ethylene and auxin signaling pathways. Our findings reveal a molecular genetic mechanism by which a WRKY gene coordinates ethylene production and LR formation in wheat.

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Bacteria-Triggered Systemic Immunity in Barley Is Associated with WRKY and ETHYLENE RESPONSIVE FACTORs But Not with Salicylic Acid

Cited by 70 publications

References 120 publications

A Quantitative Profiling Method of Phytohormones and Other Metabolites Applied to Barley Roots Subjected to Salinity Stress

A Quantitative Profiling Method of Phytohormones and Other Metabolites Applied to Barley Roots Subjected to Salinity Stress

Pipecolic Acid Orchestrates Plant Systemic Acquired Resistance and Defense Priming via Salicylic Acid-Dependent and -Independent Pathways

TaWRKY51 promotes lateral root formation through negative regulation of ethylene biosynthesis in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

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