Bacterial and fungal flora of dust deposits in a pig building.

Martin, W. J.; Zhang, Y; Willson, Philip; Archer, T P; Kinahan, C; Barber, E. M.

doi:10.1136/oem.53.7.484

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…One of the sources of microorganisms (bacteria in particular) in swine barns could the animals themselves, emitting them with the exhaled air, rubbed off epidermis or faeces (Martin et al 1996). Contrary to other researchers, who correlated the higher bacterial concentrations in swine barn bioaerosol with the increase in herd size (Duchaine et al 2000), in this study, higher concentrations of bacteria were observed in smaller herds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

An assessment of potential exposure to bioaerosols among swine farm workers with particular reference to airborne microorganisms in the respirable fraction under various breeding conditions

et al. 2011

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The project was aimed at evaluating the potential occupational exposure of swine farm workers to dust and microorganisms present in piggery bioaerosols (especially in its respirable fraction) under various breeding conditions. Sampling was carried out in 14 buildings located at 13 pig breeding and production farms in Poland. Concentrations of inhalable and respirable dusts in the air of the piggeries were low (means, respectively, 1.76 and 0.23 mg/m 3 ). The concentration of microorganisms was generally high (mean = 3.53 9 10 5 cfu/m 3 ). More than 96% of determined microorganisms were bacteria (mean = 3.42 9 10 5 cfu/m 3 ). The fungal concentration was distinctly lower (mean = 2.71 9 10 3 cfu/m 3 ). The concentration of bacteria in the respirable fraction of bioaerosol (mean = 1.51 9 10 5 cfu/m 3 ) made up for 48.2% of their total concentration, while the level of fungi in that fraction (mean = 1.50 9 10 3 cfu/m 3 ) formed 68.8% of the total fungal concentration. The concentration of inhalable dust was significantly modified by the type of breeding system. The factors that significantly affected the total concentrations of microbes and bacteria, as well as their levels in the bioaerosols' respirable fraction were as follows: herd size, breeding system, feeding method and the type of ventilation system. In the case of fungi, these were the livestock breeding system and the feeding method. Moreover, there was a high positive correlation of inhalable dust concentrations with the fungal concentration, CO 2 and relative humidity. A negative correlation was found between concentrations of each microbe group and the airflow velocity. Swine farm workers are exposed to relatively low dust concentrations and high concentrations of microorganisms, bacteria in particular. Fungi, to a much larger extent than bacteria, are correlated with the respirable particles of a piggery bioaerosol, which may harm the respiratory system of exposed workers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

An assessment of potential exposure to bioaerosols among swine farm workers with particular reference to airborne microorganisms in the respirable fraction under various breeding conditions

et al. 2011

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“…Previous studies revealed a ubiquitous presence of gramnegative bacteria in PM sampled from animal buildings, with the following genera identified: Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Enterobacter, Moraxella, Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, and Vibrio (Martin et al, 1996;Predicala et al, 2002;Nehme et al, 2008). However, gram-negative bacteria may only account for a small fraction of the total airborne bacteria in animal buildings.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With culture-based methods, the following fungal genera have previously been identified in CAFOs: Absidia, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, and Scopulariopsis (Martin et al, 1996;Seedorf et al, 1998;Predicala et al, 2002). However, the majority of airborne fungal spores can be nonculturable (Rylander and Etzel, 1999).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring total endotoxin and (1→3)-β-d-glucan at the air exhaust of concentrated animal feeding operations

Yang

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2013

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Mitigation of bioaerosol emissions from concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) demands knowledge of bioaerosol concentrations feeding into an end-of-pipe air treatment process. The aim of this preliminary study was to measure total endotoxin and (1!3)-b-glucan concentrations at the air exhaust of 18 commercial CAFOs and to examine their variability with animal operation type (swine farrowing, swine gestation, swine weaning, swine finishing, manure belt laying hen, and tom turkey) and season (cold, mild, and hot). The measured airborne concentrations of total endotoxin ranged from 98 to 23,157 endotoxin units (EU)/m 3 , and the airborne concentrations of total (1!3)-b-D-glucan ranged from 2.4 to 537.9 ng/m 3 . Animal operation type in this study had a significant effect on airborne concentrations of total endotoxin and (1!3)-b-D-glucan but no significant effect on their concentrations in total suspended particulate (TSP). Both endotoxin and (1!3)-b-D-glucan attained their highest airborne concentrations in visited tom turkey buildings. Comparatively, season had no significant effect on airborne concentrations of total endotoxin or (1!3)-b-D-glucan. Endotoxin and (1!3)-b-glucan concentrations in TSP dust appeared to increase as the weather became warmer, and this seasonal effect was significant in swine buildings. Elevated indoor temperatures in the hot season were considered to facilitate the growth and propagation of bacteria and fungi, thus leading to higher biocomponent concentrations in TSP.Implications: This study monitored total endotoxin and (1!3)-b-D-glucan concentrations at the air exhaust of 18 commercial animal buildings during multiple seasons. The airborne concentrations of total endotoxin and (1!3)-b-D-glucan differed significantly with animal operation type but showed no significant effect by season. Given that animal buildings in general have the highest ventilation rates in summer, these findings suggest that endotoxin and (1!3)-b-D-glucan may attain their maximum emission rates in summer. It is therefore recommended that particular attention should be paid to further investigating summertime bioaerosol emissions from animal feeding operations and the emissions' impact on neighboring communities.

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“…A higher culturable Gram-positive flora than Gram-negative is considered to be typical of most environments. 7,22,59,60 Most studies on exposure to cotton dust have focused on airborne levels of endotoxin and Gramnegative bacteria. However, the vast majority of bacteria isolated from cotton dust are Gram-positive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the Concentration of Bacteria and Their Cell Envelope Components in Indoor Air in Two Elementary Schools

Liu

Krahmer

Fox

et al. 2000

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Bacterial cell envelope components are widely distributed in airborne dust, where they act as inflammatory agents causing respiratory symptoms. Measurements of these agents and other environmental factors are assessed in two elementary schools in a southeastern city in the United States. Muramic acid (MA) was used as a marker for bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) were used as markers for Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Culturable bacteria were collected using an Andersen sampler with three different culture IMPLICATIONS Levels of bacteria and their constituents (PG and LPS) are correlated with total surface dust and TSP levels in school environments. This suggests an important environmental health guideline for school administrators: decreasing both surface dust and TSP levels will likely reduce potential exposure to harmful biocontaminants. The high correlations between CO 2 and levels of bacteria and their constituents also indicate that an appropriate air-exchange rate may help minimize biocontamination. The analytical MA and 3-OH FA methods measure culturable and nonculturable bacteria as well as bacterial cell wall remnants, whereas the culture method only assesses the culturable portion of the bacterial population. Together, these three different measures provide complementary information for characterizing biocontamination of indoor air, which is more informative than information provided by culture alone. Additional evaluation of other environmental factors, including CO 2 and air-exchange rate, might suggest recommendations for lowering biocontamination in buildings.media. In addition, temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and CO 2 were continuously monitored.Concentrations of airborne MA and 3-OH FAs were correlated with total suspended particulate (TSP) levels. Outdoor MA (mean = 0.78-1.15 ng/m 3 ) and 3-OH FA levels (mean = 2.19-2.18 ng/m 3 ) were similar at the two schools. Indoor concentrations of airborne MA and 3-OH FAs differed significantly between schools (MA: 1.44 vs. 2.84 ng/m 3 ; 3-OH FAs: 2.96 vs. 4.57 ng/m 3 ). Although indoor MA levels were low, they were significantly related to teachers' perception of the severity of indoor air quality (IAQ) problems in their classrooms. Concentrations of CO 2 correlated significantly with all bacteria measurements. Because CO 2 levels were related to the number of occupants and the ventilation rates, these findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the children and teachers are sources of bacterial contamination. Many culturable bacteria present in indoor air are opportunistic organisms that can be infectious for compromised individuals, while both culturable and nonculturable bacterial remnants act as environmental toxins for both healthy and compromised individuals. Measuring the "total bacteria load" would be most accurate in assessing the biotoxicity of indoor air. Chemical analysis of MA and 3-OH FAs, when coupled with the conventional culture method, provides complementary infor...

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Bacterial and fungal flora of dust deposits in a pig building.

Cited by 36 publications

References 10 publications

An assessment of potential exposure to bioaerosols among swine farm workers with particular reference to airborne microorganisms in the respirable fraction under various breeding conditions

An assessment of potential exposure to bioaerosols among swine farm workers with particular reference to airborne microorganisms in the respirable fraction under various breeding conditions

Monitoring total endotoxin and (1→3)-β-d-glucan at the air exhaust of concentrated animal feeding operations

Investigation of the Concentration of Bacteria and Their Cell Envelope Components in Indoor Air in Two Elementary Schools

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