Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in HIV-infected Adults Attending a Lagos Teaching Hospital

Adeyemi, A; Sulaiman, Akanmu A; Solomon, Bamiro B; Chinedu, Obosi A; Victor, I

doi:10.3329/jhpn.v28i4.6037

Cited by 34 publications

(38 citation statements)

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“…Hence, HIV seropositive patients with CD4 counts below 200 have far greater rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus colonization compared to those with higher CD4 counts and this tends to agree with the report of Moss et al (2002) which stated that bacterial colonization increases with decreasing CD4 counts. Findings in this study are also supported by Adeleye et al (2010), Farrokh et al (2008) and Goose (1998) who reported that due to the weakened defense (immune) systems of HIV/AIDS victims, they become hosts especially to opportunistic pathogens.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

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Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Otajevwo¹,

Ajayi²,

Oghre³

2011

GJHS

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One hundred (100) conjunctival swabs were collected from Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)-confirmed HIV/AIDS seropositive patients who were referred to the HIV/AIDS laboratory of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria for routine CD4 count check. Swabs were bacteriologically processed and bacterial strains obtained from CD4 count groups were subjected to invitro antibiotic testing by disc diffusion technique in relation to their CD4 groups. Thirty four (34.0%) patients had CD4 counts within group 1 (<500 cells/µl), 36(36.0%) in group 2 (200 cells/ µl) and 30(30.0%) in group 3 (>200 cell/µl). While there was no bacterial growth after 48hrs incubation recorded for group 1, only 5(13.9%) samples yielded growth of Staphylococcus aureus for group 2 with 31(86.1%) yielding no bacterial growth. All group 3 samples yielded profuse growth of which 11(36.7%) yielded Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 19(63.3%) yielded Staph aureus. Staphylococcus. aureus strains isolated from the 19(63.3%) group 3 samples showed invitro sensitivity reactions to ten antibiotics as follows: zinnat (57.9%) pefloxacine (55.3%), rocephine (51.3%) and gentamycin (50.0%). The others recorded less than 50% sensitivity. Multiple resistance to 6(60%) of antibiotics used was shown by 6(31.6%) out of the 19 strains. The antibiogram of the 11(36.7%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains showed ciprofloxacin (52.3%) and gentamycin (50.0%) reaction. The remaining eight recorded less than 50% sensitivity of which, 4(36.4%) P. aeruginosa strains showed multiple resistance to 50% of antibiotics used. The 5(13.9%) group 2 Staph. aureus strains showed invitro antibiotic susceptibility reactions as follows: pefloxacine (65.0%), gentamycin (60.0%), rocephine (55.0%), ciprofloxacin (55.0%) and streptomycin (50.0%). Others recorded less than 50% reaction and none of the strains in this group recorded multiple resistances. Unpaired t-test analysis showed that whereas the differences in susceptibilities of both organisms to ofloxacine, pefloxacine, gentamycin, ampicillin, zinnat, rocephine, ciprofloxacin and sperfloxacin were insignificant (P>0.05), differences in susceptibilities to streptomycin was highly significant (P<0.01) and significant to augmentin (P<0.05).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

“…People with AIDS (full blown) have fewer CD4 cells compared to seronegative healthy individuals (Adeleye et al, 2010). Different people with AIDS may possess different values of CD4 cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Otajevwo¹,

Ajayi²,

Oghre³

2011

GJHS

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“…The virus has a specific capacity to infect the CD4+ T-cells, resulting in progressive decline in their CD4 + T-cells number. This has serious health consequences, since CD4+ T-cell counts may almost be absent (Adeleye et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacteria bloodstream infections constitute a significant public health problem (Adeleye et al, 2010) and it occurs more frequently in HIV infected patients than in HIVnegative patients and is associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality (Ojo-Bola and Oluyege, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, antibiotics is fundamental to illness control in these patients; unfortunately the multiple antibiotic resistance among bacterial isolates from various study groups are frightening (Adeleye et al, 2010;Ojo-Bola and Oluyege, 2014). This is because such organisms can become endemic within the environment and pose serious public health threats to the treatment and management of HIV/AIDS patients (Ojo-Bola and Oluyege, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of blood culture isolates from human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Nigeria

Oluyege¹,

Ojo-Bola²,

Olagbemi³

2015

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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Bloodstream infections remain public health problem and have resulted to morbidity and mortality in HIV/AIDS patients. This study was therefore aimed at determining the prevalence of bacteremia in HIV infected patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) attending Federal Medical Centre, IdoEkiti, Ekiti State. A total of 105 blood samples were cultured using brain heart infusion and subcultured on bismuth sulphite agar, MacConkey agar and chocolate agar. Isolates were identified using cultural and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using disc diffusion method. The prevalence of bloodstream infection in HIV infected patients on HAART was found to be 22.9% and they were having the CD4 + T-cell counts of <300 cells/µl. There were five males and 19 females that had bloodstream bacterial infection. A total number of 24 isolates were recovered with Escherichia coli being the most prevalent bacterial isolates 12(50.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 8 (33.3%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae, 4 (16.7%). The antibiotic susceptibility test revealed a high level of resistance with highest resistance seen in Cotrimoxazole (87.5%), followed by ciprofloaxcin (83.3%), ampicillin (79.2%), levofloxacin (62.5%) while ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and gentamycin (54.2% each) showed the least resistance. The overall percentage of antibiotics resistance of the 7 selected antibiotics tested against isolated bacterial had 71.4, 67.9 and 66.1% resistance for S. pneumonia, Escherichia coli and S. aureus, respectively. However, the prevalence of bloodstream infection among HIV patients on HAART in Ekiti was relatively high and resistance to cephalosporins drugs was lower as compared to fluoroquinolones. Therefore, cephalosporin group of antibiotics is recommended for the treatment of bacteria bloodstream infection in HIV/AIDS patients.

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Bacteriologic and plasmid analysis of etiologic agents of conjunctivitis in Lagos, Nigeria

Iwalokun

Oluwadun

Akinsinde

et al. 2011

J Ophthal Inflamm Infect

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BackgroundConjunctivitis, an inflammation of the conjunctiva, is one of the most common eye problems affecting all age groups in Nigeria. A better understanding of its epidemiology and the antibiotic susceptibility of etiologic bacterial agents is crucial for the initiation of preventive and therapeutic measures. This study determined the distribution and patterns of bacterial infections in Nigerian patients with conjunctivitis. Antibiotic resistance patterns and the plasmid profiles of these pathogens were also investigated.MethodologyA total of 83 consecutive and non-duplicate conjunctival specimens were collected from patients attending eye clinics at three different hospitals in Lagos, Nigeria, between February and September 2010. Specimens were cultured on standard bacteriologic media and the recovered isolates speciated using standard techniques. Susceptibility of pathogens to antibiotics and plasmid DNA extraction were carried out by disk diffusion and alkaline lysis methods. Conjugation experiment was done with rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli DH5α as the recipient cell. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test.ResultsAll the specimens were culture-positive, yielding a total of 155 bacterial isolates. Gram-positive cocci comprising Staphylococcus aureus (27.7%) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp. (22.6%) accounted for 50.3% (78 of 155) of conjunctivitis cases, followed by Gram-positive bacilli (22.6%), Gram-negative bacilli (21.3%), and Gram-negative cocci (4.5%). Corynebacterium spp. were the most commonly isolated Gram-positive bacilli accounting for 16.1% of conjunctivitis cases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa topped with 9.7% as the most commonly isolated Gram-negative bacilli. Other Gram-negative bacilli in order of their isolations were E. coli (6.5%), Proteus sp. (3.2%), Klebsiella sp. (1.9%), and Enterobacter aerogenes (1.9%). Moraxella spp. were the only Gram-negative cocci isolated, and they accounted for 4.5% of the total conjunctival infections. Further analysis of the complexity of infections showed that 25 specimens elicited mono-infections, while cases of polymicrobial infections caused by two pathogens and three or more pathogens constituted 51.8% and 18.1% of conjunctivitis specimens screened, respectively. The disparity in the percentage contribution of three infection patterns was significant (P < 0.05). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed chloramphenicol and ofloxacin as the least and most active antibiotics tested as 99 (63.9%) and 149 (96.1%) of the 155 recovered isolates were sensitive to them. On the whole, the least susceptible pathogen was P. aeruginosa with sensitivities ranging from 20% to 80%, while Moraxella sp. represented the most sensitive pathogen with sensitivities ranging from 71.4% to 100%. Other bacterial isolates also elicited antibiotic sensitivities in the range of 33.3–100%. A total of 101 isolates were screened for plasmids, of which 45 harbored plasmids, yielding a plasmid frequency of 44.6%. Conjugal transfer of resistance to chloramphenicol, ampi...

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Bacterial Bloodstream Infections in HIV-infected Adults Attending a Lagos Teaching Hospital

Cited by 34 publications

References 19 publications

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Antibiograms of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa which Colonize the Conjunctiva of HIV/AIDS Patients in Relation to their CD4 Counts

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of blood culture isolates from human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) patients on highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in Nigeria

Bacteriologic and plasmid analysis of etiologic agents of conjunctivitis in Lagos, Nigeria

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