Bacterial cellulose‐based biosensors

Abstract

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal, which can be read by an observer or an instrument. It is composed of a receptor element that detects changes or events in a physical environment, and a transducer element that provides an output signal (Ummartyotin & Manuspiya, 2015). Biosensors incorporate biological elements that perform the recognition task. According to the IUPAC (Palchetti, Hansen, & Barcelo, 2017), a biosensor is an integrated receptor transducer device, capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element. The bioreceptor element of these biosensors may be enzymes, antibodies, living cells and tissue, among others. There are several advantages of biosensors over traditional sensors. Usually, the analyte detection carried out by biosensors can be made without prior separation. In addition, their short response times make possible the real-time monitoring of biological and manufacturing processes. Other advantages include their ease of use, allowing in-field or point-of-care measurements, the flexibility and simplicity of preparation, and the possibility of miniaturization and automatization (Cristea, Hârceagâ, & Sậndulescu, 2014). Miniaturization is of great importance because many biological samples are available in small amounts, and tissue damage must be minimized in cases of in vivo monitoring. The use of biosensors as components of modern medical devices has improved their portability, functionality and reliability for point-of-care analysis and real-time diagnosis (Morrison, Dokmeci, Demirci, & Khademhosseini, 2008).

Surface Modification of Bacterial Cellulose for Biomedical Applications

“…Since BC can be easily modified and functionalized with nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, conductive materials, and biomolecules, it makes BC an interesting material for biosensor applications. These biosensors can transduce electrochemical signals, optical signals and mechanical signals [ 63 , 149 , 150 ]. In the biomedical field, BC has been used to detect lactate via a lactate oxidase immobilized BC-Prussian blue nanocubes [ 151 ], glucose using a glucose oxidase immobilized BC-gold composite and a BC-cadmium telluride quantum dot composite, dopamine using BC-palladium nanoparticles, Nitric oxide and humidity using piezoelectric BC-Quartz crystal microbalance sensors [ 149 ], bacterial attachment using a BC-polypyrrole-TiO 2 -Ag nanocomposite [ 152 ], BC/polyaniline/single-walled carbon nanotube composites [ 150 ], and bacteriophage immobilized on a BC- carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes as polyethyleneimine sensor [ 50 , 153 ].…”

Bacterial Cellulose-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: A Review

“…When developing biosensors, it is of primary importance to ensure high biocatalytic activity, sensitivity, selectivity, environmental friendliness, and low cost. BC is a promising material for creating biosensors, since it is an environmentally friendly natural three-dimensional nanostructure and characterized by high absorption capacity, large surface area, high crystallinity, mechanical strength, and can be easily modified and functionalized with nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, metal oxides, conductive materials, and biomolecules [ 276 ]. BC has a great potential for developing cytosensors due to its various unique properties including biocompatibility.…”

Conducting polymers in wearable devices

“…Chemical analytes such as electrolytes including salt (Matzeu et al, 2016), metabolites, urea (Liu, Liu, et al, 2018) and lactate (Meshram et al, 2015) or biomarker including glucose (Wang et al, 2017) or even drug like dopamine (Oh et al, 2017) are common target analytes for human health monitoring. These biological analytes (widely referred to biosensor) usually involved biological recognition element such as enzymes, antibodies, living cells and tissues (Torres et al, 2020).…”