Bacterial Cellulose/Cellulose Imidazolium Bio-Hybrid Membranes for In Vitro and Antimicrobial Applications

Abstract

In biomedical applications, bacterial cellulose (BC) is widely used because of its cytocompatibility, high mechanical properties, and ultrafine nanofibrillar structure. However, biomedical use of neat BC is often limited due to its lack of antimicrobial properties. In the current article, we proposed a novel technique for preparing cationic BC hydrogel through in situ incorporation of cationic water-soluble cellulose derivative, cellulose bearing imidazolium tosylate function group (Cell-IMD), in the media used for BC preparation. Different concentrations of cationic cellulose derivative (2, 4, and 6%) were embedded into a highly inter-twined BC nanofibrillar network through the in situ biosynthesis until forming cationic cellulose gels. Cationic functionalization was deeply examined by the Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR), NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. In vitro studies with L929 cells confirmed a good cytocompatibility of BC/cationic cellulose derivatives, and a significant increase in cell proliferation after 7 days, in the case of BC/Cell-IMD3 groups. Finally, antimicrobial assessment against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Candida albicans was assessed, recording a good sensitivity in the case of the higher concentration of the cationic cellulose derivative. All the results suggest a promising use of cationic hybrid materials for biomedical and bio-sustainable applications (i.e., food packaging).

Synthesis and Characterization of Bacterial Cellulose‐Curcumin‐Ag‐Se Nanocomposites having Antioxidant and Antibacterial properties for Skin Healing Applications

“…Due to its fibrous and porous nature, BC mimics the structure of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) thus aiding in the adhesion and proliferation of cells. Salama et al [67] and Qui et al [68] also have reported excellent cytocompatibility of pristine BC with L929 cells. After 96 hours of incubation, pristine BC continued to show higher proliferative rate than the control.…”

“…Due to its fibrous and porous nature, BC mimics the structure of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) thus aiding in the adhesion and proliferation of cells. Salama et al [67] . and Qui et al [68] .…”

Green Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Surface-Decorated Nanoparticles of Fe3O4 with Au and Ag: Study of the Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity

“…In our experiments, the three species were similarly affected either by Fe 3 O 4 -Ag or Fe 3 O 4 -Au nanoparticles (Figure 7). Since the cell wall is the first structure to establish contact with the environment and with the host, it is important to stress the importance of the data obtained with Candida regarding that the cell wall is similar in composition (glucans, mannans, or chitin), but the architecture is different, changing in this way the interaction with the host [54,55]. On the other hand, regarding the fungicide effect of Fe3O4 particles in eukaryotic cells, it is important to mention the fact that three Candida species were tested: C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata, all human-life-threatening pathogens due to the high morbidity and mortality [52,53].…”

“…In our experiments, the three species were similarly affected either by Fe3O4-Ag or Fe3O4-Au nanoparticles (Figure 7). Since the cell wall is the first structure to establish contact with the environment and with the host, it is important to stress the importance of the data obtained with Candida regarding that the cell wall is similar in composition (glucans, mannans, or chitin), but the architecture is different, changing in this way the interaction with the host [54,55]. Nevertheless, prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells were not affected by the presence of magnetite nanoparticles since no growth inhibition was observed (data not shown), suggesting that the antibiotic effect observed was due to the action of metallic ions or to the interaction between magnetite and the metal.…”

Green Routes for Bio-Fabrication in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications

“…Cellulose macrofibres are composed of microfibrils formed from nanofibrils with a crystalline part and an amorphous part in a row. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and nanofibers (CNFs) have been used as alternative green and bioactive fillers in a broad field of innovative nanostructured materials [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer intimately intertwined with hemicellulose, forming a matrix surrounding the ordinated cellulose microfibrils.…”