Bacterial Cellulose Production by Komagateibacter xylinus with the Use of Enzyme-Degraded Oligo- and Polysaccharides as the Substrates

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a unique biopolymer synthesised by many bacteria as a critical element of their biofilm matrix. The most known and efficient producers of BC are bacteria from the genus of Komagataeibacter. Bacterial cellulose, with its unique properties, high crystallinity, mechanical strength, and unprecedented ability to hold water, is an object of interest in many industries. Despite the enormous efforts that have been made to develop an effective process, the economic aspect of BC production is still a limiting factor for broadening applications, and new “breaking point” solutions are highly anticipated. In this study, the possibility of using sucrose, lactose, and starch as alternative carbon sources converted to simple sugars directly in the culture medium by microbial glycohydrolases, β-D-fructofuranosidase, β-galactosidase, and glucoamylase in the process of BC synthesis was analysed. The results showed the high potential of the enzyme-assisted fermentation process that, for most used raw carbons sources, was highly efficient, with a yield higher (i.e., lactose 40% more) or comparable to the cultures maintained on standard Hestrin-Schramm media with glucose as a sole carbon source. The X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope analyses did not reveal any negative influence of enzyme-assisted cultivation on the BC material properties, such as crystallinity, swelling ratio, and moisture content. Applying specific enzymes for converting inaccessible, raw-form carbon sources to the culture medium of Komagateibacter xylinus opens a simple way to use various oligo- and polysaccharides acquired from many kinds of biomass sources in the BC production process.

An Evaluation of the Usability of Argon Plasma-Treated Bacterial Cellulose as a Carrier for Controlled Releases of Glycoside Hydrolases PelAh and PslGh, Which Are Able to Eradicate Biofilm

“…Following, BC samples were immersed in increasing concentrations of ethanol (20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 95% v/v) for 10 min and finally immersed two times in absolute ethanol for 15 min. Then samples were sputtered with Cr using a SEM Quorum Q150T ES, a turbomolecular-pumped coater, and analyzed with using a Hitachi SU3500 (Hitachi, Tokyo, Japan) scanning electron microscope [7,34].…”

Two-Step Upcycling Process of Lignocellulose into Edible Bacterial Nanocellulose with Black Raspberry Extract as an Active Ingredient

“…Since the same HPLC method as well as wavelength (520 nm) were utilized for the determination of CR content in the samples analyzed under different pH conditions, a slightly higher CR content was detected at a lower pH (1.2 and 0.1 M HCl) than in purified water (pH ≈ 4.5), where the total CR content was determined, due to the increased anthocyanin solution color intensity at a pH between 1-3. Namely, with regard to a wide pH range (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14), it is known that anthocyanins exist in five different structural forms in the equilibrium state (Figure 4) [54], characterized by different colors (flavylium cation as red, carbinol pseudo base as colorless, quinoidal base as purple and blue, or chalcone as yellowish), whereby the red flavylium cation is dominant in the acidic medium (pH = 1-3) [53,55]. Increasing the pH leads to a decrease of the flavylium cation concentration, followed by the reduced color intensity of the solution [55].…”

“…Among these applications, their use as biomaterials stands out as particularly notable. Cellulose can also be produced by fungi and some species of non-pathogenic bacteria, with one the most efficient and studied being an aerobic Gram-negative bacteria Komagateibacter xylinus [ 4 ]. Several strains of K. xylinus produce extracellular cellulose as a protective biofilm against undesirable external influences [ 5 ].…”

Characterization of Microbial Cellulose Generated in Fermented Moringa and Coated with Flaxseed Mucilage

“…Notably, the communities comprising kombucha can achieve yields similar to those reported for cellulose production specialist strains. For Komagataeibacter xylinus, up to 5.5 g/L of cellulose is reported in a medium with lactose(Przygrodzka et al, 2022). The fermentation medium, in combination with the substrate a nity of the microorganism and fermentation time, will de ne cellulose yield.…”