Bacterial Colonization of Toys in Neonatal Intensive Care Cots

Davies, Mark; Mehr, Samuel A.; Garland, Suzanne T.; Morley, C J

doi:10.1542/peds.106.2.e18

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…While the level and extent of streptococcal fomite contamination have not been well explored in the literature, the few existing studies provide an alarming perspective. Direct bacteriologic cultures have found that between 4% and 11% of toys are often positive for streptococci (31)(32)(33), and culture-independent methods have identified a high abundance of streptococcus-related species in toddler day care rooms (34). In this study, we found that both S. pneumoniae and S. pyogenes could be cultured from soft toys found in a day care center.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Biofilm Formation Enhances Fomite Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes

2014

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cBoth Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus pneumoniae are widely thought to rapidly die outside the human host, losing infectivity following desiccation in the environment. However, to date, all literature investigating the infectivity of desiccated streptococci has used broth-grown, planktonic populations. In this study, we examined the impact of biofilm formation on environmental survival of clinical and laboratory isolates of S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae as both organisms are thought to colonize the human host as biofilms. Results clearly demonstrate that while planktonic cells that are desiccated rapidly lose viability both on hands and abiotic surfaces, such as plastic, biofilm bacteria remain viable over extended periods of time outside the host and remain infectious in a murine colonization model. To explore the level and extent of streptococcal fomite contamination that children might be exposed to naturally, direct bacteriologic cultures of items in a day care center were conducted, which demonstrated high levels of viable streptococci of both species. These findings raise the possibility that streptococci may survive in the environment and be transferred from person to person via fomites contaminated with oropharyngeal secretions containing biofilm streptococci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Biofilm Formation Enhances Fomite Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes

2014

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“…Six studies made inconclusive or poorly reported attempts at linking the strains between patients and the equipment/environment 27–30,37,38 . The final four studies did not relate the MRSA strains found on the equipment/environment to that found in the patients within the setting 24,31,39,40 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of MRSA reservoirs in the acute care setting

Halcomb

Griffiths²,

Fernandez³

2008

Int J EB Healthcare

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Background Nosocomial infection remains the most common complication of hospitalisation. Despite infection control efforts, nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) transmission continues to rise. The associated costs of increased hospital stay and patient mortality cause considerable burden to the health system. Objectives This review sought to evaluate the role of reservoirs, particularly the environment and equipment commonly found in the clinical area, in the transmission of MRSA within the acute hospital. This review updates a review previously completed by the authors and published by the Joanna Briggs Institute (2002). Search strategy A systematic search for relevant published or unpublished literature was undertaken using electronic databases, the reference lists of retrieved papers and the Internet. This extended the search published in the original review. Databases searched included Medline (1966-August Week 1 2005), CINAHL (1982-August Week 1 2005), EMBASE (1996-Week 33), as well as the Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2005) and the Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence Library (August 2005). Selection criteria All research reports published between 1990 and August 2005 in the English language that focused on the role of the environment and equipment commonly found in the clinical area on the nosocomial MRSA transmission in adult, paediatric or neonatal acute care settings were considered. Data collection and analysis Two reviewers assessed each paper against the inclusion criteria and a validated quality scale. Studies that scored less than the mean quality score were excluded from the review. Data extraction was undertaken using a tool designed specifically for this review. Statistical comparisons of findings were not possible, so findings are presented in a narrative form. Results Forty-two papers met the review inclusion criteria, of which 18 obtained a quality score above the threshold and are included in this review. Seven studies reported general investigations of MRSA in the clinical environment and 11 studies explored specific environmental aspects. All studies used exploratory, descriptive or comparative designs. The evidence suggests that MRSA strains within the environment often match those found in patients within that environment. MRSA can be found in the air around MRSA colonised or infected patients. The degree of airborne contamination is significantly increased by activities that promote airflow. Although the site of MRSA colonisation or infection can influence the degree of environmental contamination, these data are inconsistent. Therefore, there is limited evidence for tailoring infection control interventions based on the sites of MRSA colonisation or infection. The evidence suggests that the type of materials used in clinical equipment can influence the effectiveness of cleaning techniques. Current routine cleaning practices, including conventional terminal cleaning, do not necessarily effectively eradicate MRSA from the environment. This review demonstrates tha...

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“…Toys may be considered as part of the equipment of a paediatrician's office, but sharing of toys poses a potential health risk. Microbial contamination of toys has been documented in hospitals, physician's offices and day care centres (43)(44)(45). Fecal coliforms and rotavirus have been found on toys in day care centres and in hospital (46,47).…”

Section: Toys and Transmission Of Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection control in paediatric office settings

Dl¹

2008

Paediatrics &Amp; Child Health

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Transmission of infection in the paediatric office is of increasing concern. The present document discusses routes of transmission of infection and the principles of current infection control measures. Prevention includes appropriate office design and administrative policies, triage, routine practices for the care of all patients (eg, hand hygiene; use of gloves, masks, eye protection and gowns for specific procedures; adequate cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of surfaces and equipment including toys, and aseptic technique for invasive procedures), and additional precautions for specific infections. Personnel should be adequately immunized, and those infected should follow work-restriction policies.

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Bacterial Colonization of Toys in Neonatal Intensive Care Cots

Cited by 48 publications

References 9 publications

Biofilm Formation Enhances Fomite Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes

Biofilm Formation Enhances Fomite Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus pyogenes

Role of MRSA reservoirs in the acute care setting

Infection control in paediatric office settings

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