Bacterial Contaminants on Exposed Surfaces and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns at the Benjamin Mkapa Hospital, Dodoma-Tanzania

Abstract

Background: Hospital acquired infection pose a great challenge in provision of healthcare services to many settings particulary in developing countries where there is limited availability of resources. The roles played by exposed surfaces in spreading of potential bacterial pathogens within the hospital environment have certainly contributed to the increased burden of bacterial infectious diseases such as morbidness, death as well as cost imolecation in healthcare. Our study aimed to determine common bacteria isolated on exposed surfaces and the antimicrobial sensitivity patterns.
 Methods: A sum of 516 specimens gathered and enrolled for study at Benjamin Mkapa Hopsital (BMH). The swab specimens were continuously gathered (collected) from different exposed objects in hospital environmental surfaces. All microbiological procedures or tests were performed using appropriate standard operating procedure. The obtained data were analysed using SPSS version 16.0.
 Results: Among 516 samples, 317 (61.4%) were positive with variety of bacterial isolates from different sites. Out of 317 positive cultures, 120 (37.9%) Staphylococcus aureus, 97 (30.6%) E. coli, 28 (8.8%) Enterobacter aerogenes, 25 (7.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 23 (7.3%) other Citrobacter species, 20 (6.3%) Citrobacter freundii, 3 (0.9%) Morganella morganii and 1 (0.3%) Serratia mercesens were isolated from different source of exposed surfaces at BMH. Serratia mercesens were highly (100%) resistant to most of the antimicrobial agents including erythromycin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, penicillin,ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, levofloxacin, ampicillin, azithromycin and cotrimoxazoleTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.
 Conclusion: High levels of potentially pathogenic bacteria were isolated in swab specimens from a wide range of exposed surfaces at BMH. Variable pattern of antiobiotic resistance were observed among bacterial isolates with alarming levels demonstrated by isolates of Serratia mercesens which is amongst the common causes of surgical site infections. This findings call for improved actions for infection prevention and control measures at BMH.

Method for detection of pathogenic bacteria from indoor air microbiome samples using high-throughput amplicon sequencing

“…Traditionally, culture-dependent method has been used for sample collection, isolation, and identification of bacteria in the indoor air of hospitals [10] , [11] , [12] . However, this method had a few drawbacks, including require a large volume of air to be sampled for a period of time [13] laborious as it requires many media preparations and different types of culture media for bacteria cultivation and isolation, take longer time to obtain result as bacteria need to be cultivated and incubated prior to analysis, and accuracy of the results can be doubted because some bacteria present in indoor air could not be cultivated [14] .…”