Bacterial contamination in drinking water: a case study in rural areas of northern Rajasthan, India

Suthar, Surindra; Chhimpa, Vikram; Singh, Shikha

doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0611-0

Cited by 89 publications

(53 citation statements)

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“…And poor sanitation and a lack of awareness of personal hygiene is responsible for water quality deterioration (Suthar, Chhimpa, and Singh 2009).Our study found that the households with poor hygiene score were worse off than those with good or average hygiene score in terms of household drinking water quality. Hygiene score was based on observation on 5 hygiene components observed by an enumerator while the soap water use was a self-reported behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on Water Quality in Peri-Urban Areas of Gujarat, India

et al. 2016

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AcknowledgementsThe research which led to this publication was financed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation under the broader project of AG-WATSAN Nexus Project undertaken by the Center for Development Research (ZEF) of the University of Bonn, Germany. The authors thank the Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar for their collaboration during field research. We thank all the field assistants and supervisors for their excellent work during data collection and database management. The authors also thank Dr. Bhavini Shah and the team of lab technicians at Supratech Laboratory for carrying out the strenuous task of testing the microbiological quality of our water samples. AbstractThe ever-growing population of India, along with the increasing competition for water for productive uses in different sectors -especially irrigated agriculture and related local water systems and drainage -poses a challenge in an effort to improve water quality and sanitation. In rural and peri-urban settings, where agriculture is one of the main sources of livelihood, the type of water use in irrigated agriculture has complex interactions with drinking water and sanitation. In particular, the multi-purpose character of irrigation and drainage infrastructure creates several interlinks between water, sanitation (WATSAN) and agriculture and there is a competition for water quantity between domestic water use and irrigated agriculture. This study looks at the determinants of the microbiological quality of stored drinking water among households residing in areas where communities use different types of irrigation water. The study used multiple tube fermentation method 'Most Probable Number (MPN) technique, a WHO recommended technique, to identify thermotolerant fecal coliforms and E. coli in water in the laboratory (WHO 1993). Overall, we found that the microbiological water quality was poor. The stored water generally had very high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) contamination, 80% of the households had water in storage that could not be considered potable as per the World Health Organization (WHO) standards, and 73% of the households were using a contaminated water source. The quality of household storage water was largely unaffected by the major household socioeconomic characteristics, such as wealth, education level or social status. Households using surface water for irrigation had poor drinking water quality, even after controlling for ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on Water Quality in Peri-Urban Areas of Gujarat, India

et al. 2016

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“…Disease-causing bacteria found in water include different types of bacteria, such as E. coli, Listeria, Salmonella, Leptospirosis, Vibrio and Campylobacter (Absar, 2005). The most common and widespread health risks associated with drinking poor quality water in developing countries are of biological origin and diarrhoeal disease globally has been attributed to unsafe water, sanitation and water hygiene (Suthar, Chhimpa, & Singh, 2009). Other impacts of discharging untreated or inadequately treated wastewater into the environment according to Okoh, Odjadjare, Igbinosa and Osode (2007) include increased nutrient levels (eutrophication), often leading to algal blooms; depleted dissolved oxygen, sometimes resulting in fish kills; destruction of aquatic habitats with sedimentation, debris, and increased water flow; and acute and chronic toxicity to aquatic life from chemical contaminants, as well as bio-accumulation and bio-magnification of chemicals in the food chain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physicochemical Changes in the Quality of Surface Water due to Sewage Discharge in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria

Ewemoje¹,

Ihuoma²

2014

EER

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Sewage discharge is known to degrade the quality of receiving water bodies. This study assesses the impact of black water discharge on the physico-chemical parameters of River Zik in the University of Ibadan. Water samples were collected from five sampling sites along the stream located at progressive distances from the discharge point. Sampling was done three times over a period of three months (May to July 2012). The physico-chemical parameters tested were: pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD 5 ), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Nitrate. The overall mean values of the measured parameters were as follows: BOD 5 (381.1 mg/L); DO (3.9 mg/L); SS (1825.4 mg/L); pH (6.1); EC (618.5 μs/cm) and Nitrates (59.8 mg/L). The highest concentrations of BOD 5 , SS, EC and Nitrates were obtained at the point of sewage discharge into the stream. One-way ANOVA showed significant deviation from WHO standards for BOD 5 , SS, DO, EC and Nitrates (p < 0.05). This study showed that sewage discharge into River Zik have seriously contributed to the pollution of the stream to levels which pose health and environmental hazards to those using it downstream for domestic and agricultural purposes. This environmental hazards has been attributed to the little or near none existence of regulatory bodies responsible for regulating the strenght of black water discharge into sewers and/or recieving water bodies.

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“…In this study, 18.42% drinking water samples for different areas showed that the presence of fecal coliforms (FCC), i.e., E. coli (Table 3), indicates the contamination of drinking water. Enteropathogenic E. coli causes diarrhea, food-borne disease and vomiting (Suthar et al 2009). Moreover, E. coli is also responsible for urinary tract infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality assessment of commercially supplied drinking jar water in Chittagong City, Bangladesh

et al. 2018

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Chittagong is the second most populated city in Bangladesh where drinking water is supplied using small jar. Water quality is an important concern for the consumers and, therefore, the present study was done by collecting 38 drinking jar water samples from Chittagong City, Bangladesh to determine the microbial contamination and physiochemical properties. Molecular study was done by the PCR amplification of 16SrDNA, LacZ and uidA gene for the identification of bacteria, coliform and fecal coliform. TVC, MPN and different biochemical test were done for enumeration and identification. TDS, pH, and metals (Fe, As, Pb and Cr) concentration were also measured. No heavy metal (As, Pb and Cr) was found in any of the water samples but Fe was detected in low concentrations (0.02-0.05 mg/l). TDS and pH level were normal in all samples. But microbial contaminations were (60.53 and 50%) recorded in molecular and biochemical test, respectively. The range of total bacterial count was (1.5 × 10 2 -1.6 × 10 4 ) cfu/ml. The total coliform count (TCC m ) was recorded (14-40) in 100 ml of water samples. The presence of total coliform and fecal coliform was 26.32 and 18.42%, respectively, in PCR analysis but in biochemical test those were 18.42 and 15.78%, respectively. A total of 11 bacterial species: Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherrichia coli, Aeromonas, Bacillus sp., Cardiobacterium, Corynebacterium, Clostridium, Klebsiella sp., Lactobacillus, Micrococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp. were found. This study indicates that some of the drinking jar water samples were of poor quality which may increase the risk of water-borne disease. Hence, the producer of drinking jar water has to implement necessary quality control steps.

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Bacterial contamination in drinking water: a case study in rural areas of northern Rajasthan, India

Cited by 89 publications

References 6 publications

Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on Water Quality in Peri-Urban Areas of Gujarat, India

Impact of Different Irrigation Systems on Water Quality in Peri-Urban Areas of Gujarat, India

Physicochemical Changes in the Quality of Surface Water due to Sewage Discharge in Ibadan, South-Western Nigeria

Quality assessment of commercially supplied drinking jar water in Chittagong City, Bangladesh

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