Bacterial contamination of toilet door handles on Baze University campus Abuja Nigeria

Alonge, Olatunbosun O.; Auwal, B.M; Aboh, Mercy

doi:10.4314/ajcem.v20i1.5

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Generally these are a threat to the health of the immunocompromised and immunosuppressed users. Similar enteric and skin flora such as Staphylococcus aureus (42.9%), Salmonella typhimurium (21.4%), Escherichia coli (14.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.5%), Proteus mirablis (4.8%) Klebsiella oxytoca (4.8%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2.3%) were found in a study by Alonge, Auwal, & Aboh, 2019. The presence of the enteric bacteria on the fomites indicate possible faecal contamination.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Microbial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria on Washroom Fomites in a Public University

Arhin¹,

Hackman²,

Whyte³

et al. 2020

EJHS

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Purpose: To determine the diversity and distribution of bacteria contaminants on washroom fomites in a public university and their resistance to common antibiotics.Methodology: A sanitation audit was conducted on 21 selected washrooms on seven different blocks in a university. Swabs were collected from 68 washroom fomites for bacterial isolation and biochemical identification. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for 22 Gram positive and 41 Gram negative bacteria species.Findings: Of 21 washrooms none had toiletries, 71% did not have flowing water and 90% were in the category of generally unclean. Of 169 bacteria isolated Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the predominant species. Of 68 fomites all had bacterial contaminants with 83.8% having 2 to 3 co-occurring species. Gram positive bacteria isolated were resistant to augmentin (100%), meropenem (94%), penicillin (91%), cefuroxime (86%), vancomycin (86%), erythromycin (67%), cloxacillin (64%), tetracyclin (64%), ciprofloxacin (59%), cotrimoxazole (59%), ampicillin (50%) and gentamicin (36%). Gram negative bacteria isolated were resistant to meropenem (97%), ceftriaxone (95%), ampicillin (93%), cefuroxime (91%), cefotaxime (84%), vancomycin (82%), tetracyclin (80%), cotrimoxazole (78%), chloramphenicol (50%), ciprofloxacin (71%), amikacin (40%) and gentamicin (24%). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Previous studies on bacteria on fomites in Ghana have focused on healthcare settings. This study focused on a university campus which is a non-healthcare setting with a high human presence and pressure on existing washroom facilities leading to contamination. The diversity of bacteria on the fomites are representative of clinically significant antibiotic resistant human enteric and skin flora carried by a seemingly healthy population and provide an indication of the potential antibiotic resistance burden in the user community.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 55%

Microbial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria on Washroom Fomites in a Public University

Arhin¹,

Hackman²,

Whyte³

et al. 2020

EJHS

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“…Similar to reports by previous studies, this study observed high levels of bacterial load (3.6×10 4 -2.7×10 5 CFU/cm 3 ; 4.46 -5.43 Log10 CFU) associated with the various toilet surfaces. The load in this study was slightly higher than that described by Odigie and colleagues (3.43 to 4.90 Log10 CFU), much lower than that described by Alonge and colleagues who reported figures above 1.0×10 7 CFU/ml and similar to reports by Sampson and colleagues (Odigie et al, 2017;Alonge et al, 2019;Sampson et al, 2019). Comparison could not be made with a number of other studies which simply reported high levels of bacterial contamination without presenting information on specific levels of bacterial load (Bashir et al, 2016;Abiose 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Public Toilets in a tertiary institution in the Southern part of Nigeria as Potential Reservoirs of Drug Resistant Pathogens

Otokunefor¹,

Chijioke²,

Kalio³

et al. 2020

Nig. J. Biotechnol

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Toilets have long been viewed as a significant potential contributor to human infectious diseases. Various studies worldwide have explored the bacterial communities associated with toilets but only few have focused on their possible role as reservoirs of drug resistant pathogens. To explore this role, four different surfaces from a pay-to-use toilet complex at a tertiary institution in the Southern part of Nigeria were sampled using the swab-rinse technique. Sample processing was done to determine bacterial load, identify bacterial types present in the samples and determine antibiotic susceptibility using standard techniques. Similar levels of bacterial contamination were observed at all the 14 sampling points ranging from 3.6×104 to 2.7×105 CFU. A higher level of contamination was generally noted on the door handles and floor surfaces. Of the ten different bacterial groups identified, Shigella sp. and Salmonella sp. were the predominant groups (20.6% each). The test isolates showed a wide rate of resistance to antibiotics, with the highest observed against ofloxacin (98.3%) and the least against ceftriaxone (44.4%). Forty-three different antibiogram patterns were detected among the test isolates. Most of the bacteria (63.2%) were associated with MAR index values greater than 0.8. This study shows that public toilets could play a role not just as a reservoir of potential pathogens but more specifically as a potential reservoir of drug resistant pathogenic microorganisms with high MAR indices. Keywords: Toilet, Reservoir, MAR index, Nigeria

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“…The microbial flora of door handles in this study somewhat concurs with that of 5 other studies that were performed in different parts of the world. [11][12][13][14][15][16] Bacillus spp., the predominant organism in the current study was the second most common in a study in Bangladesh. 14 Staphylococcus aureus, which was the second most common organism in the current study, was the most predominant in 5 studies performed in Nigeria, Malawi, Saudi Arabia, and Lebanon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although in low prevalence, a wide range of enteric bacteria were isolated from door handles in our study, which concurs with the previous studies. [11][12][13][14][15][16] The overall prevalence of all enteric bacteria in this study was calculated to be 36%; Citrobacter spp. was the most common organism isolated, followed by Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making a Case for Infection Control at Public Places of Convenience in Accra, Ghana

Donkor

Anyen

Akumwena

2020

Environ�Health�Insights

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In Ghana, environmental hygiene remains a major problem and infection control measures are hardly practised, particularly outside of the hospital. To provide evidence for infection control measures at public places of convenience in Accra (capital city of Ghana), this study was performed. The aim of the study was to evaluate microbial contamination of door handles at public places of convenience in Accra and assess the public health risk. A total of 183 swab specimens were collected aseptically from door handles of public places of convenience of shops, schools, hospitals, lorry stations, churches, and markets. The samples were cultured on bacteriological media, and the isolated organisms were identified. The most prevalent bacterial agent isolated was Bacillus spp. (55.7%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.2%), coagulase-negative staphylococcus spp. (17.1%), Citrobacter freundii (6.0%), Citrobacter koseri (4.4%), and Salmonella Paratyphi A (3.8%). Although in low prevalence, a wide range of enteric bacteria were isolated from door handles, accounting for 12 of the 16 isolated organisms. In conclusion, door handles of places of convenience in Accra harbour several pathogenic microorganisms, especially enteric organisms. This study highlights the need for proper disinfection of door handles of places of convenience in Accra as well as handwashing after visiting such places.

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Bacterial contamination of toilet door handles on Baze University campus Abuja Nigeria

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Microbial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria on Washroom Fomites in a Public University

Microbial Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacteria on Washroom Fomites in a Public University

Public Toilets in a tertiary institution in the Southern part of Nigeria as Potential Reservoirs of Drug Resistant Pathogens

Making a Case for Infection Control at Public Places of Convenience in Accra, Ghana

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