Bacterial degradation of pyrene: Biochemical reactions and mechanisms

Designing a Redox Noninnocent Phenalenyl-Based Copper(II) Complex: An Autotandem Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

“…Oxidation of PAHs is a challenging but very important process related to their derivatization and detoxification. − Moreover, the oxidized products of PAHs such as anthraquinone derivatives are important for the synthesis of industrial-scale hydrogen peroxide, naphthoquinones as dye reagents, and pyrenequinones as photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy. Most of the methods reported in the literature for conversion of PAHs to quinones are achieved through powerful oxidants and harsh reaction conditions. − Therefore, we initiated our study for the catalytic oxidation of PAHs in the presence of a novel [Cu II L] complex 1 derived from nontoxic transition metal and ligand based on an interesting redox-active PLY backbone, which has shown unusual chemistries and a broad spectrum of catalytic properties. We started a typical catalytic process with anthracene 2 in the presence of H 2 O 2 (10 equiv) as a source of oxygen and [Cu II L] complex (10 mol %) at 23 °C in acetonitrile.…”

“…Similarly, extended conjugation present in pyrene shows wide applications pertaining to the photophysical and electronic properties, which makes the pyrene nucleus a valuable component in materials, supramolecular, and biological chemistry . The oxidation of PAHs such as naphthalene, anthracene, and substituted anthracene provides a route for their detoxification, whereas oxidized products such as quinone are commonly used in organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. − There are a few reports in the literature toward this end, such as oxidation of naphthalene to naphthoquinone by [Ru]/PTC in a H 2 O 2 medium or the Pd­(II)-SP resin using H 2 O 2 and AcOH conditions (see Table ); , oxidation of anthracene to 9,10-anthraquinone using a strong acid like HNO 3 /O 2 or CrO 3 in acetic acid at 90 °C; − metal-catalysis by BW 11 Fe; or, alternatively, oxidation of anthraldehyde to 9,10-anthraquinone using N -bromosuccinimide (NBS) in aqueous N , N -dimethylformamide at 75–80 °C or using gold nanocrystalline diamonds (AuNCD), O 2 , and a 530 nm light-emitting diode (LED) (see Table ). , These conversions suffer from several drawbacks such as hazardous reaction conditions, high temperatures, tedious purification process, and moderate yields.…”

Soil initial bacterial diversity and nutrient availability determine the rate of xenobiotic biodegradation

“…Conversely, in less diverse soils, inorganic amendments took longer to be metabolized, increasing nutrient availability for pyrene degraders (Sarkar et al ., 2005; Kalantary et al ., 2014; Lukić et al ., 2016), which in turn had a boosting effect on the biodegradation rate (Leff et al ., 2015; Zhu et al ., 2016; Xue et al ., 2018; Sivaram et al ., 2019). Consistent with these findings, inorganic nutrient addition in the low diversity soil supported a unique assemblage of bacterial indicator taxa with known bioremediation abilities, such as members of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes (Venail and Vives, 2013; Ren et al ., 2016; Zada et al ., 2021), while the differentiation of the indicator community in nutrient‐amended samples was relatively weaker in the high diversity soil. Overall, biostimulation of the indigenous microflora is a strategy of choice to achieve effective remediation of PAHs in soils, which are chronically contaminated with diesel (Ruberto et al ., 2009), phenanthrene (Kalantary et al ., 2014), and other petroleum hydrocarbons (Jiang et al ., 2016).…”

A Review on Bacterial Degradation of Benzo[a]pyrene and Its Impact on Environmental Health

“…Information about microbes in oil spills degrading Benzo[a]pyrene is available in this review, the mechanism of its impact is also fully described and more than 100 species of bacteria from the group's Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroids, and Cytophaga have been found in the PAH-contaminated areas. It has been discovered that Flavobacterium-Bacteroides assimilates pyrene and has some of the primary abilities of natural selfrecovery (Zada et al 2021). Some normal methods of biodegradation have been used to degrade the PAH compound, but most of these methods have the limitation of being costly and implication is hard under the environmental conditions.…”

“…The most prevalent, potentially diversified, and plentiful group of bacteria for benzo [a]pyrene breakdown from the PAHs-contaminated site are reported to include fungi, protozoa, and actinobacteria. Alpha proteobacteria have been observed to be more widespread than beta and gamma proteobacteria among the proteobacteria (Zada et al 2021;Kumari et al 2022). We should look for introducing new techniques or novel strains break down of PHAs such as benzo [a]pyrene so the primary goal of this review is to describe the physicochemical properties and microbial biodegradation mechanism by aerobic and anaerobic and as well as to illustrate the health impact on mankind of benzo[a]pyrene.…”