Bacterial eggshell contamination in conventional cages, furnished cages and aviary housing systems for laying hens

Reu, Koen De; Grijspeerdt, K.; Heyndrickx, Marc; Zoons, Johan; Baere, K De; Uyttendaele, Mieke; Debevere, Johan; Herman, Lieve

doi:10.1080/00071660500065359

Cited by 111 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In the study, the significantly lower value of this feature (up to day 8 of embryogenesis) in eggs laid by females reared in cages can be associated with a lower microbial contamination of these eggs. In fact, the results of the experiment conducted by De Reu et al (2005) confirm this statement. They reported a lower egg contamination (aerobic bacteria) of laying hens when birds were kept in cages instead of aviaries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effect of housing system on reproductive results in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.)

Kontecka¹,

Nowaczewski²,

Krystianiak³

et al. 2014

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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A comparative analysis of reproduction parameters and hatchability results of pheasants raised under two different housing systems (cages and aviaries) was performed. In the first system the pheasants were housed in 420 cages, 3780 from the total were females. In the second housing system, 3200 pheasant hens were placed in eight aviaries, where 50 cocks and 400 hens were kept in each. The following parameters were calculated: laying rate, the percentage of hatching, small and cracked eggs, hatchability from set and fertilized eggs, dead embryos up to day 8 of incubation and, finally, dead embryos after day 8 of incubation as well as unhatched, crippled, and weak chicks. The laying rate for the whole period of reproduction in pheasants kept in cages was significantly higher in comparison with aviaries (59.6 vs 27.2%). A higher (P ≤ 0.05) percentage of small and damaged eggs ( -x = 13.6) was recorded in aviaries. The percentage of dead embryos for eggs derived from aviaries, up to day 8 of incubation, was also significantly higher ( -x = 4.7%). There were no significant differences between the housing systems with respect to the remaining features. The results of the investigation made it possible to conclude that pheasants kept in cages were characterized by a higher laying performance with fewer eggs unsuitable for incubation. A lower mortality of embryos during the incubation process was found in eggs derived from pheasants reared in cages. Although there were no significant differences between the analyzed housing systems in terms of hatchability, a higher laying rate for pheasants kept in cages implies that more chicks could be obtained from every female.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Effect of housing system on reproductive results in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.)

Kontecka¹,

Nowaczewski²,

Krystianiak³

et al. 2014

Czech J. Anim. Sci.

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“…The highest microorganism count in the litter was determined at the late rearing period of birds (Witkowska et al, 2010). De Reu et al (2005, however, estimated that air in the poultry house with a deep litter floor system had approximately nine times more bacteria than air in the facility with a cage system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of microbial contamination of feces and soil on a laying-hen farm depending on sampling site and season

Trawińska

Chmielowiec-Korzeniowska

Nowakowicz-Dębek

et al. 2016

R. Bras. Zootec.

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-The objective of the present study was to evaluate soil collected from a laying-hen farm and bird manure according to the season of the year and sampling site. Soil samples were taken at the poultry facility wall and at the distances of 15 m and 45 m from the building. Bird feces samples were collected inside the poultry house at the entrance and at ¼ and ½ length of the building. Soil and bird feces samples were evaluated by bacteriological qualitative and quantitative analyses. The largest bacterial load was determined in the samples taken at the poultry facility wall in December/January. Soil microbial contamination degree was low. The highest bacterial count in bird manure was found in the samples collected at ½ length of the hen house at the end of December/January. The qualitative study of bird feces showed the presence of E. coli bacteria all through the research period and Enterobacter spp. in the samples taken from July until September. Microbial contamination of soil environment and bird feces is most likely to be affected by winter period as at that time the highest microbial population can be determined. This fact may be linked to the prevailing climatic and microclimatic conditions.

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“…Considering the effect of time and temperature on the development of rots, it is generally recognized that the longer the exposure of eggs to bacteria and the greater the contamination of eggshells, the higher the penetration rate (Javed et al, 1994;Chen et al, 1996;Miyamoto et al, 1998;Messens et al, 2006;Messens et al, 2007;Al-Bahry et al, 2012). The level of eggshell contamination is also recognized as depending on the season: lower counts are observed in winter, corresponding to low environmental temperatures, for the total aerobic flora and gram-negative bacteria (De Reu et al, 2005), for the total aerobic bacteria and Enterococcus (Mallet et al, 2006) and for the B. cereus group (Koné et al, 2013). Quarles et al (1970) also suggested that high temperatures might lead to higher levels of eggshell contaminants.…”

Section: Effects Of Temperature and Time On Spoilage Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of bacteria present on the eggshell surface ranges between 3.8 and 6.3 log CFU/egg depending on the study, with an average value of 4.5 log CFU/egg (Moats, 1981;Lucore et al, 1997;Favier et al, 2000;Jones et al, 2004;De Reu et al, 2005;Musgrove et al, 2005a;De Reu et al, 2006b). The gram-positive flora is dominant at the surface, comprising the genera Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Aerococcus and, to a lesser extent, Bacillus (Moats, 1979;De Reu et al, 2006b).…”

Section: Effects Of Temperature and Time On Spoilage Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens

2014

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella Enteritidis is considered the only pathogen currently posing a major risk of egg-borne diseases in the European Union (EU). The possible impact of extending the shelf-life of eggs on the risk to consumers posed by S. Enteritidis was estimated by applying a quantitative model and comparing the actual situation regarding the storage of eggs in the EU with different possible scenarios combined, considering the prolongation of the bestbefore and the sell-by date from 7 to a maximum of 70 days. Extending the sell-by date by one week (from 21 to 28 days), but leaving the best-before date unchanged, is estimated to result in a relative risk of illness of 1.4 and 1.5 for uncooked and lightly cooked egg meals respectively, compared to the current situation. If the best-before date is also extended by one week (from 28 to 35 days), the relative risk would be 1.6 and 1.7. In the worst case scenario considered (sell-by date of 42 days, best before date of 70 days), such figures would be 2.9 and 3.5. It should be noted that the absolute risk is greater for uncooked meals compared to lightly cooked meals. An effective way to minimise any increase in risk during extended storage is to keep the eggs refrigerated both at retail and the household. Regarding egg spoilage, such events strongly depend on the hygienic conditions of egg production and practices of egg handling, including storage times and temperatures. Finally, the impact of the prolongation of storage time on the quality criteria for eggs (3-hydroxybutyric acid and lactic acid) destined for manufacturing of egg products is considered negligible. Specifically, EFSA was asked to assess: (i) the public health risk posed by relevant pathogens and in particular by Salmonella in the consumption and handling of table eggs (Term of Reference, or ToR1), (ii) the public health risk deriving from deterioration (ToR2) and (iii) possible consequences for public health of an extended shelf-life of table eggs for the specific freshness criteria for egg products as laid out in the hygiene package (ToR3). © European Food Safety Authority, 2014 KEY WORDSIn order to answer the first ToR, the BIOHAZ Panel based its conclusions on the results of a quantitative model, aimed at describing the behaviour of Salmonella Enteritidis following vertical transmission, since this serovar is recognised to be the major pathogen related to egg-borne disease because of its ability to contaminate the interior of intact eggs during their formation within the body of an infected hen. The possible impact of extending the shelf-life of eggs on other serovars of Salmonella, as well as on other pathogens, is evaluated in a qualitative manner, with no individual serovar other than S. Enteritidis currently posing a major risk of egg-borne salmonellosis in the European Union (EU), although S. Typhimurium has been associated with relatively small outbreaks due to duck eggs. Trans-shell contamination (i.e. secondary contamination) is also discussed, but the impact of a prolongation of the shelf ...

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Bacterial eggshell contamination in conventional cages, furnished cages and aviary housing systems for laying hens

Cited by 111 publications

References 15 publications

Effect of housing system on reproductive results in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.)

Effect of housing system on reproductive results in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus L.)

Evaluation of microbial contamination of feces and soil on a laying-hen farm depending on sampling site and season

Scientific Opinion on the public health risks of table eggs due to deterioration and development of pathogens

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