Bacterial Enteropathogens and Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea

Medicinal plants have been the major resources for therapeutic agents for remedy of many diseases. In the present investigation, antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of green and black tea (Camellia sinensis) against intestinal pathogens was studied by well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. About twenty six intestinal strains which include E.coli, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. and Vibrio spp. were isolated from diarrheal samples. Results showed that methanol extracts of both green tea and black tea revealed higher inhibitory activity on intestinal bacteria than aqueous extracts. At the concentration of 12.0 mg/ml 8/12 (66%) of Salmonella spp., 06/08 (75%) of Shigella spp. and 02/04 (50%) of Vibrio spp. were sensitive to green tea aqueous extracts. All the isolates (100%) were sensitive to the green tea methanol extracts concentration of 3.0, 6.0, 12, 24 and 48 mg/ml and exhibited zone size ranging from 1.0-37 mm. The MIC of green tea for E.coli was found to be 3.0mg/ml, for Salmonella spp. was 6.0 mg/ml for aqueous and 12.0 mg/ml for methanol extract. For Shigella spp and Vibrio spp. it was 12.0 and 6.0mg/ml respectively. Our findings revealed that methanol extracts of green tea exhibited strong antibacterial activity on intestinal pathogens. Thus the extracts of tea leaves can be used as an alternative drug against intestinal pathogens without having any side effects. Green tea and black tea extracts are safe and can be a supplement for other systems of medicines for the treatment of intestinal diseases caused by bacteria.

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“…Our results are in agreement with the findings of previous studies 19,20 . This might be due to the environmental and personal hygiene factors.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

Bagyalakshmi¹,

Balamurugan²

2017

Int. Res. J. Pharm.

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“…Studies from low and middle income countries include more severe cases, organisms rarely seen in developed nations, and malnourished children. [20,21] Outcome selection is increasingly a concern with most SRs focusing on diarrhea duration–a single symptom which in addition to being heterogeneous itself, also overlooks other key symptoms (e.g. vomiting).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gastroenteritis Therapies in Developed Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2015

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ContextGastroenteritis remains a leading cause of childhood morbidity.ObjectiveBecause prior reviews have focused on isolated symptoms and studies conducted in developing countries, this study focused on interventions commonly considered for use in developed countries. Intervention specific, patient-centered outcomes were selected.Data SourcesMEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, trial registries, grey literature, and scientific meetings.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials, conducted in developed countries, of children aged <18 years, with gastroenteritis, performed in emergency department or outpatient settings which evaluated oral rehydration therapy (ORT), antiemetics, probiotics or intravenous fluid administration rate.Data ExtractionThe study was conducted in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the PRISMA guidelines. Data were independently extracted by multiple investigators. Analyses employed random effects models.Results31 trials (4,444 patients) were included. ORT: Compared with intravenous rehydration, hospitalization (RR 0.80, 95%CI 0.24, 2.71) and emergency department return visits (RR 0.86, 95%CI 0.39, 1.89) were similar. Antiemetics: Fewer children administered an antiemetic required intravenous rehydration (RR 0.40, 95%CI 0.26, 0.60) While the data could not be meta-analyzed, three studies reported that ondansetron administration does increase the frequency of diarrhea. Probiotics: No studies reported on the primary outcome, three studies evaluated hospitalization within 7 days (RR 0.87, 95%CI 0.25, 2.98). Rehydration: No difference in length of stay was identified for rapid vs. standard intravenous or nasogastric rehydration. A single study found that 5% dextrose in normal saline reduced hospitalizations compared with normal saline alone (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.53, 0.92).ConclusionsThere is a paucity of patient-centered outcome evidence to support many interventions. Since ORT is a low-cost, non-invasive intervention, it should continue to be used. Routine probiotic use cannot be endorsed at this time in outpatient children with gastroenteritis. Despite some evidence that ondansetron administration increases diarrhea frequency, emergency department use leads to reductions in intravenous rehydration and hospitalization. No benefits were associated with ondansetron use following emergency department discharge.

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“…Case-controlled studies from the United States, 28 Palestine, 29 Denmark, 30 and Brazil 31 suggest an association with acute diarrhea, whereas those studies in Thailand 32 and Bangladesh 33 do not; however, all of these studies have been limited by the small numbers of NTS identified. As shown in our study and others, NTS are often isolated alongside other pathogenic organisms, a finding common for other enteropathogens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis at a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996–2011

Leung¹,

Das²,

Malek³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Data on non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infection in South Asia are limited. We used data gathered prospectively from 1996 to 2011 as part of a hospital surveillance system in Dhaka, Bangladesh, to identify diarrheal patients with NTS isolated from stool. NTS was isolated in 1.3% (468 of 37,439) of diarrheal patients; 47% of total cases of NTS were in children 5 years of age, although older adults ( 60 years) had the highest isolation rates. NTS isolation peaked in the monsoon months of July and August. Over the study period, rates of multidrug resistance decreased, whereas rates of decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin increased. Compared with control patients, NTS patients were older and wealthier; however, no differences in type of housing or exposure to animals were found. NTS patients had increased inflammatory cells in stool and required more fluid resuscitation.

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Bacterial Enteropathogens and Risk Factors Associated with Childhood Diarrhea

Cited by 38 publications

References 14 publications

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

Inhibitory Activity of Fresh Green Tea and Black Tea Extracts (Camellia Sinensis) on Intestinal Pathogens Isolated From Diarrheal Sample

Gastroenteritis Therapies in Developed Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Gastroenteritis at a Diarrheal Hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1996–2011

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