Bacterial Exposure to Nickel: Influence on Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Orthodontic Archwires and Sensitivity to Antimicrobial Agents

Abstract

The presence of nickel could modify bacterial behavior and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. Adhesion and biofilm formation on orthodontic archwires can be a source of bacterial colonization and possible health hazards. Staphylococcus aureus was subjected to exposure and adaptation to various sub-inhibitory concentrations of nickel. Five strains of bacteria adapted to nickel in concentrations of 62.5–1000 μg/mL were tested for adhesion and biofilm formation on nickel-titanium archwires. Archwires were previously incubated in artificial saliva. Bacteria were incubated with orthodontic wire with stirring for 4 h (adhesion) and 24 h (biofilm formation). The number of adherent bacteria was determined after sonication and cultivation on the Muller-Hinton agar. Disk diffusion method was performed on all bacteria to assess the differences in antimicrobial susceptibility. Bacteria adapted to lower concentrations of nickel adhered better to nickel-titanium than strains adapted to higher concentrations of nickel (p < 0.05). Biofilm formation was highest in strains adapted to 250 and 500 μg/mL of nickel (p < 0.05). The highest biofilm biomass was measured for strains adapted to 250 μg/mL, followed by those adapted to 1000 μg/mL. Bacteria adapted to lower concentrations of nickel demonstrated lower inhibition zone diameters in the disk diffusion method (p < 0.05), indicating increased antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, bacteria adapted to 250 μg/mL of nickel ions adhered better, demonstrated higher biofilm formation and often had higher antimicrobial resistance than other adapted and non-adapted strains.

Oral Microbiome Profiles and Inflammation in Pregnant Women Who Used Orthodontic Appliances

“…Various concentrations of Ni in the orthodontic wire influence the adhesion of Streptococcus mutants. Research by Pavlic et al showed that Ni concentrations of 1000 ug/mL significantly inhibit adhesion [39]. Other research on the prevention of bacteria adhesion on orthodontic wire by applying titanium dioxide has been carried out [40,41].…”

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“…Staphylococcus aureus strains have developed several resistance mechanisms, especially in patients with chronic antibiotic treatment, in which zirconia restorations are recommended because their surface has a weaker bacterial biofilm formation compared to other biomaterials with limited microorganism adhesion characteristics which can affect the occurrence and progression of oral cavity infections [39] . Adhesion and biofilm formation on orthodontic archwires can be a source of bacterial colonization of Staphylococcus aureus [40] . The results of biofilm-forming capacity indicated that Staphylococcus aureus showed more affinity for stainless steel materials so that control of the surface properties of materials is of crucial importance to prevent biofilm formation on dental materials [34] .…”

Bivalent Metal Chelates with Pentadentate Azo‐Schiff Base Derived from Nicotinic Hydrazide: Preparation, Structural Elucidation, and Pharmacological Activity

“…This phenomenon is demonstrating more interest in bacterial cross‐adaptation and resistance to the antibiotics field, which is caused by exposure to heavy metals. Reduced membrane permeability, activation of the efflux pump, inactivation or mutation of antibiotic and metal target genes along with bacterial adaptability and heavy metal resistance mechanisms, all seem possible [63] …”

“…Reduced membrane permeability, activation of the efflux pump, inactivation or mutation of antibiotic and metal target genes along with bacterial adaptability and heavy metal resistance mechanisms, all seem possible. [63] The antibacterial investigations revealed that the antibacterial activity was enhanced by the H 2 L ligand alongside a few of its metal chelates. Based on the data, H 2 L ligand generally provided moderate efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus.…”