Bacterial flagellin—a potent immunomodulatory agent

Hajam, Irshad Ahmed; Dar, Pervaiz Ahmad; Imam, Shahnawaz; Jaume, Juan Carlos; Lee, John Hwa

doi:10.1038/emm.2017.172

Cited by 261 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 157 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…Poly (I:C) is a TLR3 agonist (44), and flagellin is a potent adjuvant able to induce TLR5 (45) as well as NLRC4 (46) and NAIP5 (47) activation. The effects of flagellin in the cellular and humoral immune responses have been described in different models in vitro and in vivo (48,49), inducing strong antibody responses with production of different IgG subtypes (including IgG1 and IgG2a) protective against a variety of pathogens (49). The strong immunomodulatory effects of flagellin combined with poly (I:C) may explain the protection immunity conferred by HIS 6 -FliC-PvMSP1 19 -PADRE + poly (I:C) immunizations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Immunity in Mice Immunized With P. vivax MSP119-Based Formulations and Challenged With P. berghei Expressing PvMSP119

et al. 2020

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Immunity in Mice Immunized With P. vivax MSP119-Based Formulations and Challenged With P. berghei Expressing PvMSP119

et al. 2020

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“…And little is known about the origins and evolution of this huge and to our knowledge unique diversity (32). The diversity makes flagellin a promising vaccine target (33) or biomarker (34) and has remarkable potential for high-resolution metagenomics analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Remarkable Dual-Level Diversity of Prokaryotic Flagellins

Reeves

2020

mSystems

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Flagellin, the agent of prokaryotic flagellar motion, is very widely distributed and is the H antigen of serology. Flagellin molecules have a variable region that confers serotype specificity, encoded by the middle of the gene, and also conserved regions encoded by the two ends of the gene. We collected all available prokaryotic flagellin protein sequences and found the variable region diversity to be at two levels. In each species investigated, there are hypervariable region (HVR) forms without detectable homology in protein sequences between them. There is also considerable variation within HVR forms, indicating that some have been diverging for thousands of years and that interphylum horizontal gene transfers make a major contribution to the evolution of such atypical diversity. IMPORTANCE Bacterial and archaeal flagellins are remarkable in having a shared region with variation in housekeeping proteins and a region with extreme diversity, perhaps greater than for any other protein. Analysis of the 113,285 available full-gene sequences of flagellin genes from published bacterial and archaeal sequences revealed the nature and enormous extent of flagellin diversity. There were 35,898 unique amino acid sequences that were resolved into 187 clusters. Analysis of the Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica flagellins revealed that the variation occurs at two levels. The first is the division of the variable regions into sequence forms that are so divergent that there is no meaningful alignment even within species, and these corresponded to the E. coli or S. enterica H-antigen groups. The second level is variation within these groups, which is extensive in both species. Shared sequence would allow PCR of the variable regions and thus strain-level analysis of microbiome DNA.

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“…In detail, the recognition of flagellin could lead to rapid phosphorylation of the MAP kinase pathway, and this further generates lots of host-defense proteins that mediate protection against fungal and bacterial infections [19,20]. In certain solanaceous plants, the FLS3 receptor can recognize flgII-28, which is a region of bacterial flagellin that is distinct from the region perceived by the FLS2 receptor, and can enhance immune responses that protect leaf tissues against bacterial colonization [21][22][23]. For the antifungal studies, several flagellin proteins that could antagonize plant pathogens and were sourced from the fermentation broth of biocontrol bacteria Bacillus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Antifungal Flagellin Protein from Endophyte Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 against Ilyonectria robusta

et al. 2019

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Endophyte Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 was isolated from Panax ginseng. Its sterile fermentation liquid showed a significant inhibitory effect against Ilyonectria robusta, causing the rusty root rot of P. ginseng and P. quinquefolius. The antifungal protein was obtained after precipitation by 20% saturated ammonium sulfate, desalted by Sephadex G-25, weak anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS-PAGE showed that the purified protein was approximately 29 KDa. The antifungal protein after desalting was not resistant to temperatures higher than 100 °C, resistant to acid conditions, and did not tolerate organic solvents and protease K. The amino acid sequence of purified antifungal protein had an identity of 76% to flagellin from Bacillus velezensis. The isoelectric point of the protein was 4.97 and its molecular mass was 27 KDa. Therefore, a specific primer G1 was designed based on the flagellin gene sequence, and a 770 bp gene sequence was cloned in NJ13 genomic DNA, which shared the same size of flagellin. There were ten base differences between the gene sequences of flagellin and the cloned gene, however, the amino acid sequence encoded by the cloned gene was identical to the flagellin. In conclusion, the antifungal protein produced by biocontrol agent NJ13 contained a flagellin protein.

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Bacterial flagellin—a potent immunomodulatory agent

Cited by 261 publications

References 157 publications

Protective Immunity in Mice Immunized With P. vivax MSP119-Based Formulations and Challenged With P. berghei Expressing PvMSP119

Protective Immunity in Mice Immunized With P. vivax MSP119-Based Formulations and Challenged With P. berghei Expressing PvMSP119

The Remarkable Dual-Level Diversity of Prokaryotic Flagellins

Purification and Characterization of a Novel Antifungal Flagellin Protein from Endophyte Bacillus methylotrophicus NJ13 against Ilyonectria robusta

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