Bacterial flora of the female genital tract: function and immune regulation

Witkin, Steven S.; Linhares, Iara M.; Giraldo, Paulo César

doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.004

Cited by 186 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Probiotics also show immune-modulating properties 7,63 -vaginal lactobacilli properly calibrate genital immune system responses via specific signaling processes 67,68 . Postmenopausal women with diminished estrogen levels have quite different vaginal flora compared to premenopausal women.…”

Section: Lactobacillimentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review

Mueck

Ruan

Prasauskas³

et al. 2018

Climacteric

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In recent years, a vast quantity of clinical data has been accumulated on the pathophysiology of symptomatic vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA)/genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) in peri-and postmenopausal women and on the treatment options for these conditions. Guidelines from several societies have recently been updated in favor of VVA/GSM vaginal therapy with the lowest possible doses of estrogens. The combination of a vaginal ultra-low dose of 0.03 mg of estriol (E3) and lyophilized, viable Lactobacillus acidophilus KS400 (0.03 mg-E3/L) is a unique product with a dual mechanism of action supporting not only the proliferation and maturation of the vaginal epithelium, but also restoration of the lactobacillary microflora. It has been demonstrated efficiently to establish and maintain a healthy vaginal ecosystem. Use of this combination considerably improves the clinical signs and symptoms as well as the quality of life of menopausal women suffering from vaginal atrophy. This combination therapy is well tolerated with a low overall incidence of side-effects and negligible estriol absorption. Based on recent scientific evidence and current treatment guidelines, the 0.03 mg-E3/L combination could be considered one of the options for the treatment of symptomatic vaginal atrophy in aging menopausal women. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Section: Lactobacillimentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review

Mueck

Ruan

Prasauskas³

et al. 2018

Climacteric

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“…Vaginal discharge has an important function in the innate immunity and homeostasis and pathological conditions can significantly influence the balance in normal vaginal milieu leading to qualitative and quantitative protein alterations in vaginal secretion [113][114][115].…”

Section: Cervicovaginal Fluid As Source For Biomarkers For Obstetricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative body fluid proteomics in medicine — A focus on minimal invasiveness

Csősz

Kalló

Márkus

et al. 2017

Journal of Proteomics

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“…Infection by potentially pathogenic microorganisms is not only prevented by the activity of the normal vaginal microbiota, but also by a finely tuned innate and adaptive immune response (Witkin et al, 2007a;Danielsson et al, 2011). The vaginal mucosa is the primary point of interaction between microorganisms and the host's genital tract and the innate immune response at this epithelial lining play an integral role against microorganism invasion (Witkin et al, 2007a;Genc and Onderdonk, 2011).…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vaginal mucosa is the primary point of interaction between microorganisms and the host's genital tract and the innate immune response at this epithelial lining play an integral role against microorganism invasion (Witkin et al, 2007a;Genc and Onderdonk, 2011). The innate immune system identifies microbial intruders instantly via the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), while the adaptive immune system produces cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity, which are antigen-specific (Witkin et al, 2007a).…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Bacterial Vaginosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In some healthy women (ranging from 7% to 33%), a dynamic vaginal ecosystem is still maintained where bacterial species other than lactobacilli fill the niche (Zhou et al, 2004;Witkin et al, 2007a). Comparable to the lactobacilli, Atopobium, Leptotrichia and 6 Megasphaera produce lactic acid and are able to retain a normal (moderately acidic) vaginal pH (Zhou et al, 2004;Ravel et al, 2011).…”

Section: Normal Vaginal Flora Dominated By Bacteria Other Than Lactobmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Normal flora and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: an overview

Redelinghuys

Ehlers

Dreyer

et al. 2015

Critical Reviews in Microbiology

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The female genital tract is an intricate, yet balanced ecosystem that hosts a variety of different residential microflora. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy may disrupt this balanced ecosystem and predispose women to a potentially pathogenic microbiota. Bacteria that are associated with bacterial vaginosis (BV) are opportunistic pathogens that frequently form part of this microbiota. The overgrowth of and infections with these bacteria are linked to poor obstetric outcomes and increased transmission of other reproductive tract infections (RTIs). These infections increase women's susceptibility of acquiring HIV, the rates of HIV shedding and the development of Acquired Immune

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Bacterial flora of the female genital tract: function and immune regulation

Cited by 186 publications

References 30 publications

Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review

Treatment of vaginal atrophy with estriol and lactobacilli combination: a clinical review

Quantitative body fluid proteomics in medicine — A focus on minimal invasiveness

Normal flora and bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy: an overview

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