Bacterial infection-driven lymphomagenesis

Abstract

Purpose of reviewThe first convincing evidence for a causal relationship between bacterial infection and lymphomagenesis came from the link between gastric lymphoma and chronic Helicobacter pylori gastritis. This review will summarize the current epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence of a causative role of bacteria in the development of malignant lymphomas, particularly, the extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type. Recent findingsOther microorganisms have been associated with specific extranodal lymphoma sites with variable and not always definitive, evidence, including Chlamydia psittaci, Borrelia burgdorferi, Campylobacter jejuni and, most recently, Coxiella Burnetii. According to most plausible models, lymphoma growth is a consequence of continuous antigenic stimulation induced by chronic infection. However, some evidence of a direct oncogenic role of H. pylori has been provided, too. SummaryLymphomas are not the result of a single cause but multifactorial diseases, influenced by a variety of genetic and environmental elements. Hence, ascertaining the specific contribution of bacterial infections is not always easy. Nevertheless, the eradication of the associated chronic infection may result in sustained lymphoma regression. Moreover, the association between infections and lymphoma may offer opportunities for reducing lymphoma incidence by preventing the predisposing infections or treating them early.

Incidental Finding of a Duodenal-Type Follicular Lymphoma in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis Cirrhosis: A Rare Malignancy With Favorable Outcomes

“…As Helicobacter pylori and other bacteria have a strong association with the development of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, possibly through mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, a question is whether this may also occur in GI-FL. [15][16][17] One study evaluating the microbial composition within the duodenum obtained by mucosal biopsy in 20 patients with GI-FL vs controls identified significant differences characterized by decreased microbial volume and diversity observed among those with GI-FL. 18 As DFL is most frequently encountered within the second portion of the duodenum in proximity to the ampulla of Vater, whether changes in bile composition may contribute to inflammation, altered microbiota, or malignancy risk remains an unanswered question.…”

Modular Design in Triboelectric Sensors: A Review on the Clinical Applications for Real-Time Diagnosis

“…In clinical application settings, the real-time diagnosis of Gram-positive bacteria is crucial to determining the appropriate treatment for patients suffering from bacterial infections (Table 5) [76]. The early and accurate identification of these pathogens helps medical professionals make informed decisions regarding antibiotic selection, reducing the risk of complications and improving patient outcomes [77]. Additionally, real-time diagnosis assists in preventing and controlling nosocomial infections, ensuring a safer healthcare environment [78].…”

Marginal zone lymphomas

“…There are several recognized risk factors for MZL, including Helicobacter pylori infection, a family history of NHL, certain autoimmune diseases (such as Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus), and genetic loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. There is also evidence linking MZL to a number of other factors, including Chlamydia psittaci , Borrelia burgdorferi , hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus, and solid organ transplantation 10,15–17 . The decrease in gastric MZL observed in western countries is believed to be due to reduced H. pylori infection, wider indications for H. pylori ‐eradication therapy, and increased over‐the‐counter use of proton pump inhibitors 1,6 …”

“…There is also evidence linking MZL to a number of other factors, including Chlamydia psittaci, Borrelia burgdorferi, hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus, and solid organ transplantation. 10,[15][16][17] The decrease in gastric MZL observed in western countries is believed to be due to reduced H. pylori infection, wider indications for H. pylori-eradication therapy, and increased over-thecounter use of proton pump inhibitors. 1,6 long-term immune-deficiency against capsuled bacteria) and in the last 2 decades, splenectomy has been progressively replaced by rituximab (with or without chemotherapy) as the preferred initial therapy.…”