Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Furr, Martin

doi:10.1002/9780470376461.ch14

Cited by 5 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The most commonly described findings in foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis are lethargy, weakness, fever, cervical pain, blindness and, in advanced cases, seizures and coma (Pellegrini‐Masini and Livesey 2006; Furr 2008). Regarding laboratory tests, reported findings include FTPI, neutrophilia and hyperfibrinogenaemia, as well as pleocytosis and increased TP in the CSF (Moore 1995; Pellegrini‐Masini and Livesey 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Isolated agents from blood and CSF cultures from neonatal foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis include Actinobacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Streptococcus spp. (Seino 2007) and less frequently Salmonella spp (Furr 2008). The previously reported incidence of these bacteria is similar to the one observed in the neonatal group of our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial infection of the equine central nervous system (CNS) is an uncommon condition and has been reported to affect 2.5% of horses with neurological disease (Furr 2008). Bacterial meningoencephalitis appears to be more frequent in neonatal foals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2007). Reported clinical signs of bacterial meningoencephalitis, such as lethargy, weakness, fever and seizures (Pellegrini‐Masini and Livesey 2006; Furr 2008) are nonspecific and frequently present in other common neonatal diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, information about bacterial meningoencephalitis in equine patients is scarce, and some authors consider that there is a lack of comprehensive case series of bacterial meningitis in these animals (Mitchell et al 2007). Reported clinical signs of bacterial meningoencephalitis, such as lethargy, weakness, fever and seizures (Pellegrini-Masini and Livesey 2006;Furr 2008) are nonspecific and frequently present in other common neonatal diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

Viu

Monreal

Jose‐Cunilleras

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing the study: Bacterial meningoencephalitis is a severe complication in septic foals and there is scarce and often unclear information in the equine literature. Objectives: To report the most frequent clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, causative agents, treatments given and outcome of a group of foals with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis. Methods: Foals aged <6 months of age admitted to the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (2004Barcelona ( -2009) with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis were retrospectively included in the study. Diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis was made by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, CSF analysis consistent with bacterial infection, observation of bacteria in CSF cytology or post mortem confirmation. Results: Nine neonates and one 5-month-old foal were included. The most frequently observed clinical signs were alterations in mental status (10/10), recumbency (8/10), weakness (8/10), abnormal pupillary light reflexes (6/10), decreased suckling-reflex (6/9), seizures and/or nystagmus (4/10). Common clinicopathological alterations included hyperfibrinogenaemia (8/9), hyperlactataemia (7/7), and neutropenia (5/10) or neutrophilia (5/10). Most neonates (8/9) developed bacterial meningoencephalitis despite having a sepsis score near the cut-off value (median = 12). On CSF analysis, pleocytosis (9/9), increased total protein concentration (5/6) and intracellular bacteria (6/9) were detected. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli. Once bacterial meningoencephalitis was diagnosed, antimicrobial therapy was switched to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Conclusions:The diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis is established based on CSF analysis and culture. Clinical recognition of bacterial meningoencephalitis is difficult and can be easily overlooked. Moreover, severe sepsis is not necessary to develop bacterial meningoencephalitis.Potential relevance: CSF analysis should be considered more often in sick newborn foals with signs indicative of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and culture would help to confirm or rule out unnoticed bacterial meningoencephalitis, and to choose appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

Viu

Monreal

Jose‐Cunilleras

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Treatment of equine nervous system disorders

Cole¹,

Bentz

2014

Equine Pharmacology

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Survival of an adult Quarter Horse gelding following bacterial meningitis caused by Escherichia coli

Hepworth

Wong

Sponseller

et al. 2013

Equine Veterinary Education

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Bacterial meningitis in the mature horse is a rare and typically fatal condition. This report describes a 7-year-old Quarter Horse gelding that initially presented following suspected trauma to the left eye but subsequently developed bacterial meningitis, and a nasal and palpebral abscess, all of which cultured the same isolate of Escherichia coli. The entry site of infection in bacterial meningitis is often related to a breach in the calvarium and extension of bacteria residing in the paranasal sinuses. This case is unique as there were multiple pathways through which bacteria may have entered the central nervous system including haematogenous spread from a nasal abscess, local extension of periocular infection or an undetected skull fracture. Aside from persistent blindness in the left eye, the horse made a full recovery.

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Bacterial Infections of the Central Nervous System

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

Treatment of equine nervous system disorders

Survival of an adult Quarter Horse gelding following bacterial meningitis caused by Escherichia coli

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