Bacterial isolates in microbial keratitis: Three-year trend analysis from North India

Infectious keratitis: an update on epidemiology, causative microorganisms, risk factors, and antimicrobial resistance

“…(19.3) 2016 Hsiao et al [ 38 ] 2003–2012 Taiwan 2012 – – 49.3 81.1 16 1.1 Pseudomonas (24.4); CoNS (16.6); Propionibacterium (9.1) 2017 Zhang et al [ 39 ] 2006–2015 China 6220 45.3 ± 22.1 40.6 18.2 100 0 0 S. epidermis (29.3); P. aeruginosa (11); 2018 Khor et al [ 13 ] 2012–2014 Asia 6626 46.0 39.2 70.7 38 32.7 – Fusarium spp . (18.3); Pseudomonas (10.7); Aspergillus flavus (8.3) 2019 Acharya et al [ 40 ] 2015–2017 India 1169 – – 100 100 0 0 CoNS (46.3); Pseudomonas spp . (16.2); Streptococci (15.5) 2019 Lin et al [ 41 ] 2010–2018 China 7229 – – 42.8 52.7 57.6 0 CoNS (28.6); Fusarium spp .…”

“…the infected cornea), which could potentially reduce the risk of AMR in ocular infections. However, a few recent IK studies have highlighted the emergence of AMR in ocular infections, particularly in the US [ 28 ], China [ 41 ] and India [ 40 ]. The driving force is likely to be multifactorial, including the injudicious widespread use of antibiotics in both ocular and systemic infections [ 146 ], incorrect dosing regimen [ 147 ], and representations of the community prevalence of drug resistance, with consequent colonisation of ocular surface by drug resistant pathogens [ 148 ].…”

“…A tabulated summary of the literature concerning the in vitro antibiotic susceptibility and resistance of IK-related bacteria is provided in Table 3 [ 8 , 9 , 21 , 24 – 26 , 28 , 31 , 35 , 38 , 40 – 43 , 150 ]. Overall, fluoroquinolone-resistant, methicillin-resistant and multidrug resistant (MDR; i.e.…”

“…Overall, fluoroquinolone-resistant, methicillin-resistant and multidrug resistant (MDR; i.e. resistant to 3 or more antibiotics) infections are being increasingly reported in IK [ 28 , 31 , 35 , 40 , 41 , 150 ]. Geographical and temporal factors play a role in the variation of AMR pattern in ocular infections.…”

“…Another study from Southern China similarly reported an increase in MDR among Gram-positive cocci from 2010 to 2018, while susceptibility to fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside among Gram-negative bacilli remained stable [ 41 ]. In contrast, a Northern India study reported a high rate of resistance of P. aeruginosa against ciprofloxacin (57%), moxifloxacin (47%), and aminoglycoside (52–60%) [ 40 ], highlighting the geographical disparity in the AMR pattern and the importance of region-specific interrogation of the AMR profile in ocular infections.…”