Bacterial microflora of the upper gastrointestinal tract in infants without diarrhoea

Challacombe, D N; Richardson, Jeff; Anderson, Charlotte M.

doi:10.1136/adc.49.4.264

Cited by 66 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…The increased knowledge of it in normal subjects and in patients with chronic intestinal disorders has developed from studies of smallbowel content obtained by per-oral methods (Kalser et al, 1966;Drasar and Shiner, 1969;Drasar, Shiner and McLeod, 1969;Vince et al, 1972;Challacombe, Richardson and Anderson, 1974). These methods of sampling are not suited to the investigation of the acutely disordered bowel, so there is little knowledge of alterations in small-bowel microflora that may occur in acute intestinal obstruction.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Alterations in small-bowel microflora in acute intestinal obstruction

Sykes¹,

Boulter²,

Schofield³

1976

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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confidence: 99%

Alterations in small-bowel microflora in acute intestinal obstruction

Sykes¹,

Boulter²,

Schofield³

1976

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Signer, E., Murphy, G. M., Edkins, S., and Anderson, C. M. (1974). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 49, 174.…”

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confidence: 99%

Role of bile salts in fat malabsorption of premature infants

Signer¹,

Murphy²,

Edkins³

et al. 1974

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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. Role of bile salts in fat malabsorption of premature infants. Eighteen premature infants were studied. 9 were fed with human milk and 9 with a modified cow's milk. Subsequent to a 72-hour fat balance, a duodenal intubation was performed on the 14th day of life. Total bile acids were determined in serial duodenal aspirates before and after a milk feed. Bile acid excretion in the faeces during a 72-hour period was also measured.Infants fed with human milk absorbed fat better (mean fat absorption coefficient, 75 %o) than those receiving a cow's milk formula (mean fat absorption coefficient, 60%). In both groups the bile acid concentrations after a meal were often less than that required for the formation of micellar solutions and solubilization of fat (i.e. <2 mmol/l.). With human milk, a reasonable fat absorption occurred even with bile acid levels below the critical micellar concentration. In the infants fed with the cow's milk formula, impaired fat absorption was correlated with low bile acid levels. Infants on human milk excreted less bile acids in the stool (mean, 41 -9 ,umol/kg per 24 hr) than did infants fed with the cow's milk formula (mean, 72 -4,mol/kg per 24 hr). In both groups the faecal loss of bile acids was increased compared with that in older infants and children.

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“…Histological examination of the biopsies also showed increased numbers of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria, including lymphocytes and plasma cells [28]. Studies on the upper gastrointestinal flora in apparently healthy children in developed and developing countries also revealed marked differences, with colonization of the upper small bowel with a diverse aerobic and anaerobic flora in a large proportion of children in India while children in the UK and Australia either had no organisms, or limited numbers and species (table 1) [29][30][31]. Although there are no recent studies on the small bowel flora in children in developing countries, several studies have demonstrated that the microbiota in the stool of children living in low-income countries is distinct in its composition, and more variable over time, when compared with the microbiota of children living in high-income countries [32,33].…”

Section: The Gut Environment In Developing Countriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probiotics, antibiotics and the immune responses to vaccines

Praharaj

John

Bandyopadhyay

et al. 2015

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Orally delivered vaccines have been shown to perform poorly in developing countries. There are marked differences in the structure and the luminal environment of the gut in developing countries resulting in changes in immune and barrier function. Recent studies using newly developed technology and analytic methods have made it increasingly clear that the intestinal microbiota activate a multitude of pathways that control innate and adaptive immunity in the gut. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the underperformance of oral vaccines in developing countries, and modulation of the intestinal microbiota is now being tested in human clinical trials. Supplementation with specific strains of probiotics has been shown to have modulatory effects on intestinal and systemic immune responses in animal models and forms the basis for human studies with vaccines. However, most studies published so far that have evaluated the immune response to vaccines in children and adults have been small and results have varied by age, antigen, type of antibody response and probiotic strain. Use of anthelminthic drugs in children has been shown to possibly increase immunogenicity following oral cholera vaccination, lending further support to the rationale for modulation of the immune response to oral vaccination through the intestinal microbiome.

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Bacterial microflora of the upper gastrointestinal tract in infants without diarrhoea

Cited by 66 publications

References 29 publications

Alterations in small-bowel microflora in acute intestinal obstruction

Alterations in small-bowel microflora in acute intestinal obstruction

Role of bile salts in fat malabsorption of premature infants

Probiotics, antibiotics and the immune responses to vaccines

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