Bacterial Mutagenicity and Acute Toxicity of Solvent and Aqueous Extracts of Soil Samples From an Abandoned Chemical Manufacturing Site

Abstract

Using a grid pattern, a total of 50 soil borings (DCT 1 through DCT 50) were collected from an abandoned chemical manufacturing facility. Split samples were obtained from six cores collected from a centralized location near a former wastewater lagoon. An additional sample from the 2.1-to 2.4-m depth of core DCT 20 was obtained as representative of the waste present on site. Three subsamples from each of the six cores or a total of 18 samples were sequentially extracted with methylene chloride and methanol for testing in mutagenicity and acute toxicity assays. A separate batch extraction with water was conducted and evaluated, using both chemical and biological test methods. The maximum mutagenic response was 3,237 net revertants induced with metabolic activation by 1 mg of the methanol extract of the 0-to 0.6-m depth at sampling location DCT 32. The water extract of the 0to 0.6-m depth at sampling location DCT 32 induced 737 net revertants per mg. At sampling location DCT 24, the water extract induced 0.74, 1.32, and 2.5 toxic units in the Microtoxa assay and 935, 69, and 39 net revertants per mg in the mutagenicity assay at the 0-to 0.3-, 1.2-to 1.4-, and 2.1-to 2.4-m depths, respectively. The chemical analysis of the samples from location DCT 24 indicated that the concentration of 2,3,6-trichlorobenzene acetic acid ranged from 16 ppm in the 0to 0.3-m depth and to 0.95 ppm and below the detection limits at the 1.2-to 1.4and 2.1-to 2.4-m depths. The methanol extract of the soil from the 0-to 0.3-m depth induced 19.2 toxic units in the acute toxicity assay and 1,467 net revertants in the mutagenicity assay. These results suggest that the most accurate site assessment is obtained when a water extract is evaluated to measure leaching potential and a solvent extract is evaluated to determine the relative total hazard of the sample. In addition, the combined use of chemical analysis, mutagenicity, and acute toxicity bioassays provides more accurate information from which to make a risk assessment.

Effect of soil contaminant extraction method in determining toxicity using the microtox® assay

“…Only two aqueous extracts, SBO-28 and GH-1, exhibited significant toxicity, and these samples had the highest and the second-lowest total PAH concentrations, respectively. Previous studies of contaminated soils and sediments have also shown no consistent correlation between total chemical concentrations and Microtox toxicity [20][21][22] or with toxicity determined with fish and invertebrate assays [23,24]. Vigorous physical and chemical methods of contaminant extraction appear to have the ability to remove contaminants from locations or binding sites that would not normally be accessed under natural conditions.…”

Comparative use of bacterial, algal and protozoan tests to study toxicity of azo- and anthraquinone dyes

“…Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium has been widely used for studying genotoxicity of liquid waste, contaminated soil, sewage sludge and sediments (e.g. Donelly et al, 1991;Malachová, 1999).…”