Bacterial Oxidation of Orthophosphite

Malacinski, George M.; Konetzka, Walter A.

doi:10.1128/jb.91.2.578-582.1966

Cited by 54 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Decreases in hypophosphite or phosphite concentration were usually accompanied by little or no phosphate accumulation in the culture medium. This is consistent with work reported by others (3,9) and indicates that the utilized phosphorus is being incorporated into organic compounds within the cell. This hypothesis was further verified by the work with 32P-labeled hypophosphite in which intermediate organic compounds containing labeled phosphate were isolated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anaerobic utilization of phosphite and hypophosphite by Bacillus sp

Foster¹,

Winans²,

Helms³

1978

Appl Environ Microbiol

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A Bacillus sp. capable of utilizing phosphite and hypophosphite under anaerobic conditions was isolated from Cape Canaveral soil samples. The organism was isolated on a glucose-mineral salts medium with phosphate deleted. Anaerobic cultivation of this isolate resulted in decreases in the hypophosphite or phosphite concentration, increases in turbidity, cell count, and dry-cell weight, and decreases in pH and glucose concentration. The optimum hypophosphite concentration for this isolate was 60 Ag/ml, whereas the optimum phosphate concentration was greater than 1,000 ,.g/ml, suggesting that higher concentrations of hypophosphite may be toxic to this isolate. Hypophosphite or phosphite utilization was accompanied by little or no detectable accumulation of phosphate in the medium, and 32P-labeled hypophosphite was incorporated into the cell as organic phosphate. When phosphate was present in the medium, the isolate failed to metabolize phosphite. In the presence of phosphite and hypophosphite, the isolate first utilized phosphite and then hypophosphite.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Anaerobic utilization of phosphite and hypophosphite by Bacillus sp

Foster¹,

Winans²,

Helms³

1978

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Systematic studies on the suitability of phosphite as P fertilizer were initiated in the early 1950s indicating that higher doses of phosphite impaired plant growth in the first year, while plant growth was improved in subsequent years (MacIntire et al, 1950). Indeed, over several decades it was supposed that the P fertilisation effect is indirectly mediated via oxidation to phosphate by soil microbes and within plant tissues (Adams and Conrad, 1953;Casida, 1960;Malacinski and Konetzka, 1966;, and the molecular and genetic characterisation of such a biochemical pathway has been reported by Metcalf and Wolfe (1998). The interest in phosphite as a P source was renewed when Lovatt (1990a, b) reported that phosphite could not only restore growth of P-deficient citrus and summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), but also induced higher flower and fruit set (Lovatt, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical assessment of the suitability of phosphite as a source of phosphorus

Ratjen

Gerendás

2009

Z. Pflanzenernähr. Bodenk.

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Marketing of phosphite-containing preparations for foliar application, together with recent reports of positive yield responses, has revived the question as to whether phosphite (HPO À 3 ) is a suitable P source for plants. Two experiments using zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L. convar. giromontina) have been conducted to evaluate the P-nutritional effect of phosphite either provided via the substrate or as a foliar spray. Plants grown in a P-deficient substrate were severely damaged when phosphite was applied as foliar fertiliser and more drastically when provided via the substrate. Growth of P-deficient plants receiving phosphite as a foliar spray was impaired in a dosedependent manner after foliar P application (concentrations 0.0, 0.9, 2.7, and 4.5 g P L -1 ), while foliar provision of phosphate improved plant growth and yield. In the youngest leaves of phosphite-treated plants, which had developed after foliar spray, phosphite accumulated to considerable extent, reaching a similar concentration as phosphate at tissue level. These results confirm that P-deficient plants are very sensitive to phosphite, which represents a nutritionally ineffective form of P. It should thus not be considered as a form of P suitable for fertiliser manufacture.

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“…Other investigations have shown that biologically catalyzed oxidation of reduced P compounds can occur. A number of bacteria have been shown to be capable of oxidizing reduced P compounds when these are provided as the sole source of P. Inorganic phosphite (ϩ3 valence) was oxidized to phosphate by numerous laboratory strains of microorganisms, including prokaryotes such as Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and several species of Pseudomonas and Rhizobium, as well as one eukaryote, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1,6,26). Hypophosphite (ϩ1 valence) can also be oxidized to phosphate by bacteria (9,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phosphite and Hypophosphite Oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88

1998

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The first molecular and genetic characterization of a biochemical pathway for oxidation of the reduced phosphorus (P) compounds phosphite and hypophosphite is reported. The pathway was identified inPseudomonas stutzeri WM88, which was chosen for detailed studies from a group of organisms isolated based on their ability to oxidize hypophosphite (+1 valence) and phosphite (+3 valence) to phosphate (+5 valence). The genes required for oxidation of both compounds by P. stutzeri WM88 were cloned on a single ca. 30-kbp DNA fragment by screening for expression in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Two lines of evidence suggest that hypophosphite is oxidized to phosphate via a phosphite intermediate. First, plasmid subclones that conferred oxidation of phosphite, but not hypophosphite, upon heterologous hosts were readily obtained. All plasmid subclones that failed to confer phosphite oxidation also failed to confer hypophosphite oxidation. No subclones that conferred only hypophosphite expression were obtained. Second, various deletion derivatives of the cloned genes were made in vitro and recombined onto the chromosome of P. stutzeriWM88. Two phenotypes were displayed by individual mutants. Mutants with the region encoding phosphite oxidation deleted (based upon the subcloning results) lost the ability to oxidize either phosphite or hypophosphite. Mutants with the region encoding hypophosphite oxidation deleted lost only the ability to oxidize hypophosphite. The phenotypes displayed by these mutants also demonstrate that the cloned genes are responsible for the P oxidation phenotypes displayed by the originalP. stutzeri WM88 isolate. The DNA sequences of the minimal regions implicated in oxidation of each compound were determined. The region required for oxidation of phosphite to phosphate putatively encodes a binding-protein-dependent phosphite transporter, an NAD+-dependent phosphite dehydrogenase, and a transcriptional activator of the lysR family. The region required for oxidation of hypophosphite to phosphite putatively encodes a binding-protein-dependent hypophosphite transporter and an α-ketoglutarate-dependent hypophosphite dioxygenase. The finding of genes dedicated to oxidation of reduced P compounds provides further evidence that a redox cycle for P may be important in the metabolism of this essential, and often growth-limiting, nutrient.

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Bacterial Oxidation of Orthophosphite

Cited by 54 publications

References 6 publications

Anaerobic utilization of phosphite and hypophosphite by Bacillus sp

Anaerobic utilization of phosphite and hypophosphite by Bacillus sp

A critical assessment of the suitability of phosphite as a source of phosphorus

Molecular Genetic Analysis of Phosphite and Hypophosphite Oxidation by Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88

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