Bacterial oxidoreductive enzymes as molecular weapons for the degradation and metabolism of the toxic azo dyes in wastewater: a review

Abstract

Azo dyes are extremely toxic and pose significant environmental and health risks. Consequently, mineralization and conversion to simple compounds are required to avoid their hazardous effects. A variety of enzymes from the bacterial system are thought to be involved in the degradation and metabolism of azo dyes. Bioremediation, a cost effective and eco-friendly biotechnology, involving bacteria is powered by bacterial enzymes. As mentioned, several enzymes from the bacterial system serve as molecular weapons in the degradation of these dyes. Among these enzymes, azoreductase, oxidoreductase, and laccase are of great interest for the degradation and decolorization of azo dyes. Combination of the oxidative and reductive enzymes is used for the removal of azo dyes from water. The aim of this review article is to provide information on the importance of bacterial enzymes. The review also discusses the genetically modified microorganisms in the biodegradation of azo dyes in polluted water.

Bioremediation of Azo Dye Brown 703 by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An Effective Treatment Technique for Dye-Polluted Wastewater

“…Bacteria produce enzymes like azoreductase, peroxidase, and laccase, which are necessary for the breakdown of azo dyes [18,[35][36][37]. The Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria contained the azoreductase enzyme which breaks the -N=N-bond under aerobic and anaerobic situations.…”

“…Consequently, wastewater treatment can be accomplished via a variety of approaches, with the biological method being the most natural and successful. This method comprises bacterial degradation [15], fungal degradation [16], phytoremediation [17], and enzymatic degradation [18]. In the biological method, microbes are used to break down complex molecules such as azo dyes and other pollutants into simpler substances.…”