Bacterial Pneumonia

Müller, Néstor L.; Silva, C. Isabela S.

doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4048-4.50018-0

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Radiographically, pneumonia is divided into three types: lobar pneumonia, bronchopneumonia and interstitial pneumonia (12). This classification scheme reflects the initial pathological distribution of the inflammatory process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pulmonary Computed Tomography Findings in 39 Cases of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Pneumonia

et al. 2012

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Objective The main objective of our study was to describe the pulmonary distribution of consolidation and ground-glass opacity (GGO) in chest computed tomography (CT) scans of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia. In addition, the percentage of other pulmonary abnormalities was also reported. Methods We retrospectively evaluated chest CT examinations performed between November 2008 and January 2010 in 39 patients with S. pneumoniae pneumonia. Eight patients with Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia were also included for comparison. Patients There were 19 women and 28 men with clinical symptoms of fever and productive cough and laboratory findings of leukocytosis with markedly high C-reactive protein levels. Chest X-ray scores before and after treatment were calculated. The average score before treatment was 4. The average score after treatment was 0. Parenchymal abnormalities were evaluated along with the presence of enlarged lymph nodes and pleural effusions. The distribution of parenchymal disease was also analyzed. Results The chest CT findings in the patients with S. pneumoniae pneumonia consisted primarily of consolidation (56.4%), ground-glass opacity (71.7%), interlobular reticular opacity (69.2%), centrilobular nodules (53.8%), interlobular septal thickening (46.6%), bronchial wall thickening (46.6%), lymph node enlargement (10.2%) and pleural effusion (10.2%). Segmental distribution (65.7%) was seen more frequently than nonsegmental distribution (35.9%). Abnormal findings were noticed bilaterally in 14 patients and unilaterally in 25 patients. On both the right and left sides, predominant zonal distributions were seen in the lower lobes. In contrast, among the eight patients with H. influenzae pneumonia, one patient had both segmental and nonsegmental distributions and the remaining seven patients had only segmental distributions. Conclusion In conclusion, segmental distributions of parenchymal abnormalities are more common than non-segmental distributions on chest CT scans of patients with S. pneumoniae pneumonia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On chest CT, the pulmonary pathology is characteristically represented as a nonsegmental pattern of distribution (11,12). However, in the new era of antibiotics, varied patterns and distributions of infective organisms have been reported (13).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Computed Tomography Findings in 39 Cases of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Pneumonia

et al. 2012

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Prebiotics and community composition influence gas production of the human gut microbiota

Gurry

Nguyen

et al. 2020

Preprint

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1Prebiotics confer benefits to human health often by promoting the growth of gut bacteria that produce 2 metabolites valuable to the human body, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). While prebiotic 3 selection has strongly focused on maximizing the production of SCFAs, less attention has been paid to 4 gases, a byproduct of SCFA production that also has physiological effects on the human body. Here, we 5 investigate how the content and volume of gas production by human gut microbiota is affected by the 6 chemical composition of the prebiotic and by the composition of the microbiota. We first constructed a 7 linear systems model based on mass and electron balance and compared the theoretical product range of 8 two prebiotics, inulin and pectin. Modeling shows that pectin is more restricted in product space, with less 9 potential for H2 but more potential for CO2 production. An ex vivo experimental system showed pectin 10 degradation produced significantly less H2 than inulin, but CO2 production fell outside the theoretical 11 product range, suggesting fermentation of fecal debris. Microbial community composition also impacted 12 results: methane production was dependent on the presence of Methanobacteria, while inter-individual 13 differences in H2 production during inulin degradation was driven by a Lachnospiraceae taxon. Overall, 14these results suggest that both the chemistry of the prebiotic and the composition of the microbiota are 15 relevant to gas production. Metabolic processes that are relatively prevalent in the microbiome, such as 16H2 production will depend more on substrate, while rare metabolisms like methanogenesis depend more 17 strongly on microbiome composition. 18 Importance 19Prebiotic fermentation in the gut often leads to the co-production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and 20gases. While excess gas production can be a potential problem for those with functional gut disorders, gas 21 production is rarely taken into account during prebiotic design. In this study, we combined the use of 22 theoretical models and an ex vivo experimental platform to illustrate that both the chemical composition 23of the prebiotic and the community composition of the human gut microbiota can affect the volume and 24 content of gas production during prebiotic fermentation. Specifically, more prevalent metabolic processes 25 such as hydrogen production was strongly affected by the oxidation state of the probiotic, while rare 26 metabolisms such as methane production was less affected by the chemical nature of the substrate and 27 entirely dependent on the presence of Methanobacteria in the microbiota. 28 29 30

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Bacterial Pneumonia

Cited by 2 publications

References 156 publications

Pulmonary Computed Tomography Findings in 39 Cases of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Pneumonia

Pulmonary Computed Tomography Findings in 39 Cases of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Pneumonia

Prebiotics and community composition influence gas production of the human gut microbiota

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