Bacterial Pneumonia, Lung Abscess, and Empyema

Crawford, Susan E.; Daum, Robert S.

doi:10.1016/b978-032304048-8.50039-6

Cited by 14 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Such children are often deficient in alveolar type II cells and complement, leading to inability to efficiently clear Staphylococcus from their lungs (25) and better survival of the pathogen in alveolar lining epithelial fluid. Concomitantly, the cytokine-mediated inflammatory response associated with migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes causes vascular congestion and exuberant oedema (phase of congestion) (26). Staphylococcus can spread from one alveolus to another very rapidly through the pores of Kohn in the presence of oedematous fluid in the lung parenchyma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expansion of the oedematous areas promulgates centrifugally, leaving behind clusters of erythrocytes and purulent exudates containing fibrin, polymorphonuclear leukocyte, and bacteria ( Staphylococcus ) (phase of red hepatization). This stage can progress further, resulting in the loss of cellular elements and architecture for the development of full-blown pneumonic consolidation (phase of gray hepatization) (26). This process may be facilitated by the favourable lung environment in dehydrating diarrhoea (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occult Pneumonia: An Unusual but Perilous Entity Presenting with Severe Malnutrition and Dehydrating Diarrhoea

Chisti

Salam

Sharifuzzaman

et al. 2010

J Health Popul Nutr

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A three-month old boy was admitted to the Dhaka Hospital of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B), Dhaka, Bangladesh, with the problems of acute watery diarrhoea with some dehydration and suspected dyseletrolytaemia, severe malnutrition, and reduced activity. Occult pneumonia was added to the problem list after demonstration of radiologic consolidation in right upper lung, despite the lack of clinical signs, both on admission and after correction of dehydration. The problem list was further expanded to include bacteraemia due to Staphylococcus aureus when the blood culture report was available. Severely-malnourished children may not exhibit typical clinical signs of pneumonia, and the possibility of existence of such problems should be remembered in the assessment and provision of care to hospitalized young children with severe malnutrition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occult Pneumonia: An Unusual but Perilous Entity Presenting with Severe Malnutrition and Dehydrating Diarrhoea

Chisti

Salam

Sharifuzzaman

et al. 2010

J Health Popul Nutr

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“…Plain chest X-ray as part of the investigation, remains an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of a child with pneumonia, although some pneumonia are furtive and secretive. 1,5,6 The presence of respiratory signs (e.g. tachypnea) increases the likelihood of abnormality of chest X-ray features.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,3,4 Tachypnea with indrawing of the respiratory muscles should alert the clinician to a presumptive diagnosis of pneumonia. 5 Chest X-Ray is an excellent tool for detecting the presence and degree of severity of pneumonias. 6 Several laboratory tests including blood gas analysis also can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide tension as a reflection of different respiratory rates and chest x-ray features in children with community acquired pnemonia

Iskandar

Rahajoe

Boediman

2010

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Background Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is often made based on clinical signs and symptoms as well as laboratory and radiographic tests. Several laboratory tests including blood gas analysis (BGA) can be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. The single most direct and useful BGA is the arterial carbon dioxide tension (PCO2). It directly reflects the adequacy of alveolar ventilation and indirectly could reflect the severity of illness.Objective To determine the differences of clinical signs and chest X-ray features in hospitalized CAP children with low PCO2 level and normal to high PCO2 level.Methods Patients with CAP in pediatric wards of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were enrolled between July 2009 and November 2009. Patients were categorized as group with low PCO2 level (<35 mmHg) and group with normal to high PCO2 level (≥ 35mmHg). All data, including clinical signs, laboratory results, and radiologic features on admissions were compared between groups.Results Thirty patients were enrolled; 20 patients belonged to low PCO2 level group and 10 patients belonged to normal-high PCO2 level group. Group with low PCO2 had significantly lower respiratory rate (P = 0.047), higher blood pH level (P = 0.044), and better chest X-ray features (P = 0.010) on admission compared to group with normal to high PCO2 level.Conclusion Low PCO2 level reflects better alveolar ventilation in children with CAP as described by lower respiratory rate and better chest X-ray features.

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“…achalasia, poor dental hygiene. Abscesses may also ensue by hematogenous spread from septicemia or right-sided bacterial endocarditis, extension from foci in abdominal cavity or retropharyngeal space or from airway obstruction by foreign body [61,62].…”

Section: Lung Abscessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pneumonia in Children

Wojsyk‐Banaszak¹,

Bręborowicz²

2013

Respiratory Disease and Infection - A New Insight

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be complicated with pleural effusion and empyema, pneumoatocele, lung abscess or necrotizing pneumonia. A recognized complication of severe pneumonia is hyponatremia and SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion). Burden of pneumonia can be diminished using preventive measures ranging from the simplest infection control methods like hand washing, limiting exposure to infectious cases, limiting exposure to tobacco smoke, vaccinations to passive immunization in selected cases. 2. Definition Pneumonia is defined as an inflammation of lung tissue due to an infectious agent. Commonly used clinical World Health Organization operational definition is based solely on clinical symptoms (cough or difficulties in breathing and tachypnoea) [1]. In the developing world the term Lower Respiratory Tract Infection (LRTI) is widely used instead of pneumonia, because of poor access to x-ray and difficulties in radiological confirmation of diagnosis. Depending on the place of acquisition pneumonia can be divided into: a. Community Acqiured Pneumonia (CAP) b. Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP). Recently a third type-Health Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) has been distinguished in adult patients. The significance of this classification is based on its clinical utility since in most cases pathogens responsible for CAP and HAP are different, warranting varying approach and empiric treatment. 3. Community acquired pneumonia CAP can be defined as pneumonia in previously healthy children caused by an infectious agent contracted outside the hospital. The common clinical practice is to confirm the diagnosis by radiological findings of consolidations. 4. Epidemiology Globally the incidence of pneumonia in children < 5 years in developing countries is 0.28 episodes per child-year (150 mln/year), compared to 0.05 episodes per child-year in developed countries [2]. Pneumonia is responsible for 18% of death (2 mln/year) in young children worldwide, mostly occurring in impoverished countries with limited access to healthcare system. In more affluent societies pneumonia is rarely fatal, it leads however to Pneumonia in Children

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Bacterial Pneumonia, Lung Abscess, and Empyema

Cited by 14 publications

References 507 publications

Occult Pneumonia: An Unusual but Perilous Entity Presenting with Severe Malnutrition and Dehydrating Diarrhoea

Occult Pneumonia: An Unusual but Perilous Entity Presenting with Severe Malnutrition and Dehydrating Diarrhoea

Carbon dioxide tension as a reflection of different respiratory rates and chest x-ray features in children with community acquired pnemonia

Pneumonia in Children

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