Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health

Peptide Dendrimer-Based Antibacterial Agents: Synthesis and Applications

“…(A) Timeline of the development of antibiotics and the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria over the years. , (B) Typical antibacterial drug targets and the pathways for the generation of drug resistance. ,− (modifications have been made from the literature , to bring the content up-to-date).…”

“…There are pathogenic multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria that have acquired resistance to multiple antimicrobial categories, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) bacteria that are susceptible to only one or two antimicrobial drug categories, and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria that are resistant to all clinically available drugs. − According to a World Health Organization report in 2022, about 1.27 million deaths are caused due to bacterial antimicrobial resistance around the world . Even though the development of drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a natural process, various man-made variables, such as the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, a lack of cleanliness and sanitation, the absence of sufficient health care facilities, clean water, and waste management, to name a few, play significant roles in its development. , Despite the fact that several antimicrobial drugs are approved for clinical use each year (Figure A), as these new drugs are simple modifications of existing drugs, they do not appear to affect XDR or PDR bacterial strains. It was because the molecular targets or mechanisms of action (Figure B) of these newly developed antibiotics are identical to those of existing drugs, for which resistance mechanisms have been well established. , The complexity of the mechanism of action, potency, and efficacy factors (duration of action or concentration), will determine whether a novel antibiotic can gain resistance or not …”

“…Immunol. 2010, 34(7), 734−740. (99) Segura, A.; Moreno, M.; Maduenõ, F.; Molina, A.; García-Olmedo, F. Snakin-1, a peptide from potato that is active against plant pathogens.…”

Review on sterilization techniques, and the application potential of phage lyase and lyase immobilization in fighting drug-resistant bacteria

“…It can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, increase membrane permeability, and facilitate the efflux of cellular contents. 46 Part of the ROS entering the cell through the damaged membrane can cause oxidative stress in the bacteria, destroy the DNA and proteins, and also inactivate the bacteria, 47 as shown in Fig. 3.…”

“…As an active intermediate, ROS possesses strong oxidation capability. It can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, increase membrane permeability, and facilitate the efflux of cellular contents 46. Part of the ROS entering the cell through the damaged membrane can cause oxidative stress in the bacteria, destroy the DNA and proteins, and also inactivate the bacteria,47 as shown in Fig.3.Metal nanoparticles or metal oxides such as Ag, TiO 2 , and ZnO can produce ROS with antibacterial activity by light excitation, further inhibiting bacterial growth and leading to bacterial death.…”