Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis

Hinzke, Tjorven; Kleiner, Manuel; Meister, Mareike; Schlüter, Rabea; Hentschker, Christian; Pané‐Farré, Jan; Hildebrandt, Petra; Felbeck, Horst; Sievert, Stefan M.; Bonn, Florian; Völker, Uwe; Becher, Dörte; Schweder, Thomas; Markert, Stephanie

doi:10.7554/elife.58371

Cited by 35 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 192 publications

(151 reference statements)

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“…In the case of intracellular mutualists, evolutionary processes may lead to cytosymbiosis through both morphological alterations as well as via physiological/molecular incorporation of the symbionts into the hosts' cellular environments, to the point where endosymbionts are no longer easily recognizable as foreign intrusions. Following such integrations, endosymbionts enhance the ability of hosts to succeed in diverse contexts, from unbalanced diets and nitrogen-poor soils, to hydrothermal vents and oligotrophic aquatic environments (Hinzke et al 2021;Wernegreen 2012). Key functions performed by mutualistic, intracellular endosymbionts include harvesting energy from chemicals or light, to converting nitrogen into a usable form, and synthesizing nutrients that supplement the host's diet, to name just a few (Wernegreen 2012).…”

Section: What Is Endosymbiosis?mentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Improving the Yields of Blood Cell Extractions from Botryllus schlosseri Vasculature</p>

Qarri¹,

Rinkevich²,

Rinkevich³

2022

Advances in Aquatic Invertebrate Stem Cell Research

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He is a member of the editorial board of the Invertebrate Survival Journal and the European Journal of Zoology, and is a founding member of the Italian Association of Developmental and Comparative Immunobiology (IADCI). His main research interests are the evolution of innate immunity and the study of the cellular and molecular basis of immune responses in marine invertebrates, with particular reference to the role of hemocytes/coelomocytes in immune defense and, more generally, in the stress response. Most of his studies were carried out using the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri as a model organism. His interest in stem cells is directly related to their role in hematopoiesis, as they assure the continuous renewal of the circulating immunocytes of marine invertebrates. He is the chair of the COST Action 16203 MARISTEM "Stem cells of marine/aquatic invertebrates: from basic research to innovative applications" that supported the publication of this book. He is the author or co-author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications in scientific journals, co-editor of scientific books, including "Lessons in immunity: from singlecell organisms to mammals" (Elsevier, 2016), and guest editor of Special Issues, including: "Ancient immunity. phylogenetic emergence of recognition-defence mechanisms" (Biology (Basel), 2020-2021).Baruch (Buki) Rinkevich has been a professor and senior scientist at the

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Section: What Is Endosymbiosis?mentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Improving the Yields of Blood Cell Extractions from Botryllus schlosseri Vasculature</p>

Qarri¹,

Rinkevich²,

Rinkevich³

2022

Advances in Aquatic Invertebrate Stem Cell Research

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“…This allows direct downstream analysis of each subpopulation. This method has been used to separate aquatic microbes that differ in cell size and metabolic properties, including isolating viruses of interest from background noises [ 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 ]. It can be combined with other absolute quantification approaches such as flow cytometry and qPCR to enumerate bacterial groups with similar morphology.…”

Section: Decision-making Regarding Different Biological Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Applications of Absolute Bacterial Quantification in Microbiome Studies and Decision-Making Regarding Different Biological Questions

et al. 2021

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High throughput sequencing has emerged as one of the most important techniques for characterizing microbial dynamics and revealing bacteria and host interactions. However, data interpretation using this technique is mainly based on relative abundance and ignores total bacteria load. In certain cases, absolute abundance is more important than compositional relative data, and interpretation of microbiota data based solely on relative abundance can be misleading. The available approaches for absolute quantification are highly diverse and challenging, especially for quantification in differing biological situations, such as distinguishing between live and dead cells, quantification of specific taxa, enumeration of low biomass samples, large sample size feasibility, and the detection of various other cellular features. In this review, we first illustrate the importance of integrating absolute abundance into microbiome data interpretation. Second, we briefly discuss the most widely used cell-based and molecular-based bacterial load quantification methods, including fluorescence spectroscopy, flow cytometry, 16S qPCR, 16S qRT-PCR, ddPCR, and reference spike-in. Last, we present a specific decision-making scheme for absolute quantification methods based on different biological questions and some of the latest quantitative methods and procedure modifications.

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“…The presence of multiple, co-occurring strains of a symbiont species within a host, as well as the nature of their strain-level genetic differences, have become of increasing interest as a means to better understand the dynamics of host health and metabolism ( Ansorge et al, 2019 ; Hinzke et al, 2021 ). The monospecificity of the E. scolopes/V.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence of Genomic Diversification in a Natural Symbiotic Population Within Its Host

et al. 2022

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Planktonic cells of the luminous marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri establish themselves in the light-emitting organ of each generation of newly hatched Euprymna scolopes bobtail squid. A symbiont population is maintained within the 6 separated crypts of the organ for the ∼9-month life of the host. In the wild, the initial colonization step is typically accomplished by a handful of planktonic V. fischeri cells, leading to a species-specific, but often multi-strain, symbiont population. Within a few hours, the inoculating cells proliferate within the organ’s individual crypts, after which there is evidently no supernumerary colonization. Nevertheless, every day at dawn, the majority of the symbionts is expelled, and the regrowth of the remaining ∼5% of cells provides a daily opportunity for the population to evolve and diverge, thereby increasing its genomic diversity. To begin to understand the extent of this diversification, we characterized the light-organ population of an adult animal. First, we used 16S sequencing to determine that species in the V. fischeri clade were essentially the only ones detectable within a field-caught E. scolopes. Efforts to colonize the host with a minor species that appeared to be identified, V. litoralis, revealed that, although some cells could be imaged within the organ, they were <0.1% of the typical V. fischeri population, and did not persist. Next, we determined the genome sequences of seventy-two isolates from one side of the organ. While all these isolates were associated with one of three clusters of V. fischeri strains, there was considerable genomic diversity within this natural symbiotic population. Comparative analyses revealed a significant difference in both the number and the presence/absence of genes within each cluster; in contrast, there was little accumulation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. These data suggest that, in nature, the light organ is colonized by a small number of V. fischeri strains that can undergo significant genetic diversification, including by horizontal-gene transfer, over the course of ∼1500 generations of growth in the organ. When the resulting population of symbionts is expelled into seawater, its genomic mix provides the genetic basis for selection during the subsequent environmental dispersal, and transmission to the next host.

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Bacterial symbiont subpopulations have different roles in a deep-sea symbiosis

Cited by 35 publications

References 192 publications

<p>Improving the Yields of Blood Cell Extractions from Botryllus schlosseri Vasculature</p>

<p>Improving the Yields of Blood Cell Extractions from Botryllus schlosseri Vasculature</p>

Current Applications of Absolute Bacterial Quantification in Microbiome Studies and Decision-Making Regarding Different Biological Questions

Evidence of Genomic Diversification in a Natural Symbiotic Population Within Its Host

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