Bacterial Symbionts of Steinernema scapterisci

Aguillera, Marineide M.; Hodge, N. C.; Stall, Robert E.; Smart, Grover C.

doi:10.1006/jipa.1993.1076

Cited by 40 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…However, since Stenotrophomonas species have well-documented natural antibiotic resistance (61,62), it is perhaps unsurprising to observe them flourishing in Photorhabdusinhabited cadavers. Indeed, Stenotrophomonas isolates (or related Xanthomonas isolates) have been sporadically observed in association with the EPN system in the past (18,26,27,34,36). They are also known associates of some insects (35,(63)(64)(65)(66)(67), although they were not abundant in uninfected G. mellonella in our study, either at death or during subsequent cadaver decomposition (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Many early studies noted the presence of non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria within cadavers, at least at low levels (16)(17)(18)(19), and even attributed the occasional lack of nematode development to such toxic contaminants (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25). More recently, culture-dependent studies have isolated various non-Photorhabdus or non-Xenorhabdus bacteria from cadavers infected with different EPN species (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37). In at least some instances, the identified bacteria suggest more than stochastic cadaver contamination: Jackson et al (27) isolated Providencia spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Insect larvae killed by entomopathogenic nematodes are thought to contain bacterial communities dominated by a single bacterial genus, that of the nematode's bacterial symbiont. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to profile bacterial community dynamics in greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae cadavers killed by Heterorhabditis nematodes and their Photorhabdus symbionts. We found that, although Photorhabdus strains did initially displace an Enterococcus-dominated community present in uninfected G. mellonella insect larvae, the cadaver community was not static. Twelve days postinfection, Photorhabdus shared the cadaver with Stenotrophomonas species. Consistent with this result, Stenotrophomonas strains isolated from infected cadavers were resistant to Photorhabdus-mediated toxicity in solid coculture assays. We isolated and characterized a Photorhabdus-produced antibiotic from G. mellonella cadavers, produced it synthetically, and demonstrated that both the natural and synthetic compounds decreased G. mellonella-associated Enterococcus growth, but not Stenotrophomonas growth, in vitro. Finally, we showed that the Stenotrophomonas strains described here negatively affected Photorhabdus growth in vitro. Our results add an important dimension to a broader understanding of Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus biology and also demonstrate that interspecific bacterial competition likely characterizes even a theoretically monoxenic environment, such as a Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus-parasitized insect cadaver. IMPORTANCEUnderstanding, and eventually manipulating, both human and environmental health depends on a complete accounting of the forces that act on and shape microbial communities. One of these underlying forces is hypothesized to be resource competition. A resource that has received little attention in the general microbiological literature, but likely has ecological and evolutionary importance, is dead/decaying multicellular organisms. Metazoan cadavers, including those of insects, are ephemeral and nutrient-rich environments, where resource competition might shape interspecific macrobiotic and microbiotic interactions. This study is the first to use a next-generation sequencing approach to study the community dynamics of bacteria within a model insect cadaver system: insect larvae parasitized by entomopathogenic nematodes and their bacterial symbionts. By integrating bioinformatic, biochemical, and classic in vitro microbiological approaches, we have provided mechanistic insight into how antibiotic-mediated bacterial interactions may shape community dynamics within insect cadavers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

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confidence: 99%

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Wollenberg

Jagdish

Slough

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The very small number of colonies obtained from Steinernema species after extraction from 500 IJs suggests that most of these IJs do not harbour any bacterial cell. Similarly, very small bacterial loads were previously found in S. scapterisci, S. riobrave and S. glaseri (Akhurst, 1986;Aguillera et al, 1993;Bonifassi et al, 1999;Sicard et al, 2003). On the opposite, the most studied Steinernematidae: S. carpocapsae appears as an exception with more than 20,000 X. nematophila cells per 500 IJs (Vivas and Goodrich-Blair, 2001;Sicard et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from Hérault and Gard (Southern France)

Emelianoff

Brun

Pagès

et al. 2008

Journal of Invertebrate Pathology

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“…species differentiation has not yet been possible or valid (Ehlers and Niemann, 1998). Other species of bacteria including species of Pseudomonas have been found associated with Steinernematids (Weiser, 1963;Aguillera et al, 1993;Gouge et al, 1997), but these non-Xenorhabdid bacteria which include P. inflorescens (Gouge et al, 1997) are not necessarily satisfactory symbionts for the reproduction of the nematodes. The bacterium Flavimonas oryzihabitans found in the nematode Steinernema abbasi is a very satisfactory symbiont for infectivity, establishment and reproduction (Elawad et al, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Pathogenicity of Bacteria Symbiotically Associated with Insect Pathogenic Nematodes against the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella (L.)

Abdel-Razek

2002

Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection

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The bacterial symbionts isolated from the entomopathogenic nematodes were compared for their pathogenicity to last instar larvae of G. mellonella at both Phases I and II. Most bacterial symbionts at Phase I cause 100% mortality within 2-3 days post-injection with 1 Â 10 3 cells/larva. The pathogenicity of Phase I decreased in the following order: Xenorhabdus nematopbilus, Flavimonas oryzihabitans, Photorhabdus luminescens and Xenorhabdus bovienii with LD 50 values of 40, 55, 70 and 170 cells/larva. The injection of Phase II of the bacterial symbionts did not give 100% mortality even after 4 days post-injection. The time mortality response of G. mellonella larvae to both phases of the bacterial symbiont was significantly different usually at the two highest concentrations tested. The significancy in case of Phase I was in the following order from lowest to highest, F. oryzihabitans, X. nematophilus, P. luminescens and X. bovienii. It was 20.57, 23.96, 23.99 and 53.76 h, respectively. Also, F. oryzihabitans gave the lowest LT 50 value for its Phase II form. It was 36.85 h, and this is followed by X. bovienii, X. nematophilus, and P. luminescens, the LT 50 values of which were 69.29, 74.08 and 74.49 h, respectively. The results suggest that there is a direct correlation between toxin concentration and rate of killing the larvae. On the other hand, there is an inverse correlation between the LT 50 values and the injected concentration.

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Bacterial Symbionts of Steinernema scapterisci

Cited by 40 publications

References 0 publications

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Death Becomes Them: Bacterial Community Dynamics and Stilbene Antibiotic Production in Cadavers of Galleria mellonella Killed by Heterorhabditis and Photorhabdus spp

Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria from Hérault and Gard (Southern France)

Pathogenicity of Bacteria Symbiotically Associated with Insect Pathogenic Nematodes against the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella (L.)

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