Bacteriological Assessment and Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Recovered from Pond Water, Fish Skin, and Gut in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

Fish currently provide 6.7% of all protein consumed by humans globally, nevertheless, aquaculture system has been linked to fish and environmental contamination and disease outbreak. This study aims to isolate, identify, and characterise, bacteria in fish and pond water as well as the antibiotic profile of detected Coliforms. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. A total of forty (40) isolates were isolated from the water samples of which (5) species were Gram Positive bacteria and 35 species of Gram Negative bacteria. The temperature for all ponds ranged from 25°C to 28°C. The mean bacteria count for pond C1 to T2 were 4.9 × 102, 4.9 × 102, 5.4 × 102, 2.5 × 102, 2.2 × 102, and 1.9 × 102 CFU/ml respectively. All isolates were 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime and augmentin. More resistance to cefixime (80%) and gentamicin (73.3%) and nitrofurantoin (66.7%) was recorded. However, only 16.6% and 8.3% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin respectively. The multiple antimicrobial resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. The water quality parameters (temperature and pH) and the type of bacteria detected in all pond type did not differ significantly. The Multi-drug resistance bacteria detected could be pathogenic to fish and consumers.

Physicochemical and Antibacterial Susceptibility Profile of Fish Pond Waters in Anambra State, Nigeria

“…Optimum pH directly stabilizes the physicochemical parameters of pond water, enhancing fish health and productivity, and the maintenance of a proper balance of the microbial ecology in pond water [21]. Fluctuations in pH have been reported to cause extreme stress in fish [6], since they are known to have an average blood pH of 7.4 [8]. It has been confirmed that the pH between 6.5 and 9 is most appropriate for maintenance and increased fish production [26,27].…”

“…Fishes are reared in different water culture media or confinement such as concrete, earthen or plastic ponds. Concrete and earthen ponds have been the widely used culture system for fish [6]. The contamination of these culture systems has been attributed to poor water quality, high stocking densities and the use of animal manure and contaminated feed [7].…”

“…Some of these microorganisms possess resistant determinant, which enhances their potentials for infecting consumers. For instance, Escherichia coli are known to survive well in aquatic environments, and they are highly adept at horizontal gene transfer, a notorious vehicle for antibiotic resistance dissemination [6]. The number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is rising worldwide [1].…”

“…The number of infections caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria is rising worldwide [1]. Resistant pathogens are capable of undermining effective health outcomes and prolonging hospitalization of patients [6]. The use of antibiotics has accompanied the growth in aquaculture.…”

Bacteriological Assessment and Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Recovered from <i>Clarias gariepinus</i> Selected from Various Fish Farms in Anambra North Senatorial Zones in Anambra State, Nigeria

“…Fishes are reared in different water culture media or confinement such as concrete, earthen or plastic ponds. Concrete and earthen ponds have been the widely used culture system for fish [6]. Fishes reared in these environments are contaminated by both pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms.…”