Bacteriological Quality and Antibiotics' Susceptibility Profile of Small-medium Scale Commercial Fish farms in Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Fish currently provide 6.7% of all proteins consumed by humans globally; nevertheless, the aquaculture system has been linked to fish, environmental contamination and disease outbreak. The aim of this study was to determine the bacteriological quality and the antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria from water samples of pond stocked with Tilapia and Catfish in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria. Objective: To isolate, identify and characterise heterotrophic bacteria and test for the antibiogram of detected Coliforms. Methods: Water samples were collected from ponds stocked with Tilapia and Catfish, and tested for total heterotrophic and coliform bacteria as well as the antibiogram. The susceptibility of the isolates was tested using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar. Results: A total of 40 isolates were recovered from the water samples, of which 5 species were Gram positive bacteria representing two genera, and 35 species were Gram negative bacteria representing four genera. The temperature for all ponds ranged from 25°C to 28°C. The mean bacterial count varied from 1.9×104 to 5.4×104 CFU/ml per fish pond. All isolates were 100% resistant to ceftazidime, cefuroxime and augmentin. More resistance to cefixime (80%) and gentamicin (73.3%) and nitrofurantoin (66.7%) was also recorded. However, only 16.6% and 8.3% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively. The multiple antimicrobial resistance index (MARI) ranged from 0.5 to 0.9. The water physicochemical parameters (temperature and pH) and the type of bacteria detected in all pond types did not differ significantly. Conclusion: Fish pond is a reservoir of multi-drug resistant bacteria that could serve as environmental source of drug resistance gene transfer. This calls for effective monitoring and assessment as well as management devices for the protection of community and environmental health.

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review

“…Resistance was also observed to cefixime (80%), gentamicin (73.3%) and nitrofurantoin (66.7%). The study further reported that 16.6% and 8.3% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, respectively [ 102 ]. Another study in catfish farms in Nigeria reported that out of the 20 Salmonella hadar isolates, 2 (10%) were resistant to neomycin, 1 (5%) was resistant to spectinomycin, and 9 (45%) were resistant to streptomycin, whereas 7 (35%) and 4 (20%) were resistant to sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, respectively.…”

Assessment of the Microbial Quality of Braised Products from Bangangte City and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Selected Pathogens Isolated Therein

“…Associated to this, many farmers do not observe the withdrawal periods. In the study conducted by Fakorede et al [53], fish pond was reported as a reservoir of multi-drug resistant bacteria. The authors also mentioned that fish pond could serve as environmental source of drug resistance gene transfer.…”

“…The results of this study suggest that the commonly used antibiotics in the city of Bangangte will not be effective for the management of diseases associated with consumption of braised fish and chicken products. Microbial multidrug resistance of pathogens isolated from ready-to-eat braised fish and chicken products sold in the city of Bangangte therefore frustrates efforts for disease control resulting in a prolonged hospitalization of patients [53].…”

Multiple Antibiotic Resistant Vibrio Pathotypes with the Incidence of V. Cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus in Fish and Fish Storage Water in Okitipupa and Igbokoda Areas, Nigeria

“…One of the world's industries with the quickest rate of growth is aquaculture and in Nigeria, aquaculture fish production had experienced a tremendous increase in recent years [4]. A balanced diet should include seafood because it is nutrient-rich and has a number of positive health effects, thereby leading to increase in the demand for these food products [5].…”

“…This hereby makes the consumption of the contaminated fish detrimental to human health [13]. Additionally, contamination of aquaculture systems has been reported to be due to poor water quality caused by pollution of water bodies due to urbanization [14], large number of fish in the system, contaminated feeds and the use of untreated animal manure [4]. Ondo State is said to be the highest producer of fish in South-West Nigeria [5].…”