Bacteriology of sachet water sold in Lagos, Nigeria

Egwari, L. O.; Iwuanyanwu, Silva; Ojelabi, C I; Uzochukwu, OlugbueVictor; Effiok, W.W.

doi:10.4314/eamj.v82i5.9312

Cited by 19 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This is in line with the findings of Egwari et al (2005) in Lagos southwest Nigeria who in their bacteriology study of sachet water found no enteric pathogens and Entamoeba coli. The non -occurrence of parasites in these products could be as a result of use of uncontaminated water sources and improved methods of water treatment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Parasites Associated with Sachet Drinking Water (Pure Water) in Awka, South-Eastern, Nigeria

Ekwunife¹,

Okafor²,

Ukaga³

et al. 2010

Sierra Leone j. biomed. res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A study to ascertain the parasites associated with sachet drinking water, (popularly called "Pure Water" in Nigeria), in Awka, capital of Anambra State, southeast Nigeria was conducted. This was in order to determine the safety and suitability of such water for human consumption. Sachet water is a major source of drinking water for low and middle class Nigerians. The increase in demand of this water has led to the proliferation of industries in this sector, because of the economic benefits derivable from the sale. Samples of differently packaged sachet drinking water were purchased from producers, distributors, marketers and hawkers. Samples were observed macroscopically and pH tested. Using a sterile syringe, 10mls of water was taken from each sample and centrifuged at 2,500rpm per minute. Sediments observed were placed on a glass slide and observed microscopically using x10 and x40 objective lens for a possible parasite ova or cyst. The surface of each sachet of the packaged drinking water was also washed thoroughly and the resulting water was centrifuged and observed microscopically. All the tested water samples met the W.H.O. recommended standard, of being colorless, tasteless, odourless with average pH of 6.93. No parasites were found in the water in the sachets but some parasites were found on the surfaces of the sachets. The surface of the sachets of the packaged water purchased from hawkers had the highest number of parasites {15 (41.7%)}. Identified parasites include cysts of Ascaris lumbricoides (5.6%), Entamoeba histolytica (4.6%), hookworm (2.8), Trichuris trichuria (2.8%) and Giardia lamblia cysts (1.9%). Hawkers possibly play a very significant role (χ 2 = 20.21, df =2, p<0.05) in the transmission of parasitic infection from the outside of the sachets through improper handling. It is advocated among others that cleaning and washing of sachets of packaged drinking water before use will aid in breaking the transmission circle.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Parasites Associated with Sachet Drinking Water (Pure Water) in Awka, South-Eastern, Nigeria

Ekwunife¹,

Okafor²,

Ukaga³

et al. 2010

Sierra Leone j. biomed. res.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is in line with the findings of some other authors in Nigeria and outside (Addo et al, 2009). However, the occurrence of these isolates in sachet water used in this study is in contrast with the findings of some other studies in Nigeria which found no enteric pathogens (Egwari et al, 2005;Ekwunife et al, 2010). Our findings also differ from other study in that no E. coli and E. faecalis were recovered as was reported in a study by Oyedeji et al (2010).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

Mgbakor¹,

Ojiegbe²,

Okonko³

et al. 2011

MJM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: Continuous increase in the sale and indiscriminate consumption of packaged drinking waters in Nigeria is of public health significance. In order to safe guard public health, it is essential that the available packaged water is of the highest quality. This study was carried out to evaluate the bacteriological quality of packaged water on sale in Owerri metropolis, Imo State of Nigeria. Methodology and Results: From 30 registered sachet water factories, 8 samples each was purchased randomly fifteen of the brands of sachet water all over Owerri metropolis in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. These were analyzed for presence of bacterial indicators of water quality. Four weeks later, a second batch of the samples was collected from other brands. A mean plate counts was taken and the organisms from each water sample identified using standard procedures. The results showed that 11 (73.3%) sachet water brands had growths of pathogenic organisms in the first batch while 10 (66.6%) had growth in the second batch. The isolates were identified to be Klebsilla spp., Serratia spp., Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Chromobacterium spp. The study showed that Klebsiella pneumoniae [7(29.2%)] was the most predominant. This was closely followed by Serratia spp. [6(25.0%)] and Proteus mirabilis [6(25.0%)]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3(12.5%)] and Chromobacterium spp. [2(8.3%)] was least predominant. Mean total heterotrophic bacteria plate counts (HPC) per millilitre ranged from 0.0 to 6.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 7.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C (first batch) and 0.0 to 5.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 22 °C and 0.0 to 10.0 x 10 2 CFU/mL at 37 °C for the second batch. Thus they fell below the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) drinking water standard of 100 HPC per millilitre of water. Bacteriological examination of different brands of sachet water samples collected from different locations showed that only Vince water and Akudo table water was found to be safe for drinking while the other brands of sachet water from mobile vendors in Owerri metropolis was not potable. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of study: Hence, the bacteriological quality of some of the brands of sachet water on sale in Owerri was of poor quality index. The study suggests that sachet water could be a route of transmission of enteric pathogens among the populace. In order to safe guard public health, highest quality brands of sachet water is therefore advocated.

show abstract

“…Recent research on sachet water has primarily focused on sub-standard quality and potential disease transmission in Ghana (Addo et al, 2009; Ampofo et al, 2007; Dodoo et al, 2006; Kwakye-Nuako et al, 2007; Obiri-Danso et al, 2003), and Nigeria (Adenkunle et al, 2004; Ejechi and Ejechi, 2008; Ifeanyi et al, 2006; Nwosu and Ogueke, 2004; Olaoye and Onilude, 2009; Onifade and Ilori, 2008; Orisakwe et al, 2006; Oyedeji et al, 2010), with some elaboration on health impact. Although not every study has found sachet water quality to be troublesome (Egwari et al, 2005; Olowe et al, 2005), there is generally a bias toward the publication of negative findings. Given the emphasis on microbiological quality, there is virtually no literature on more contemporary water quality issues such as biphenols, heavy metals, and other pollutants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When urban taps run dry: Sachet water consumption and health effects in low income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intraurban differentials in safe drinking water in developing cities have been exacerbated by rapid population growth that exceeds expansion of local water infrastructure. In Accra, Ghana, municipal water is rationed to meet demand, and the gap in water services is increasingly being filled by private water vendors selling packaged “sachet” water. Sachets extend drinking water coverage deeper into low-income areas and alleviate the need for safe water storage, potentially introducing a health benefit over stored tap water. We explore correlates of using sachets as the primary drinking water source for 2,093 women in 37 census areas classified as slums by UN-Habitat, and links between sachet water and reported diarrhea episodes in a subset of 810 children under five. We find that neighborhood rationing exerts a strong effect on a household's likelihood of buying sachet water, and that sachet customers tend to be the poorest of the poor. Sachet use is also associated with higher levels of self-reported overall health in women, and lower likelihood of diarrhea in children. We conclude with implications for sachet regulation in Accra and other sub-Saharan cities facing drinking water shortages.

show abstract

Bacteriology of sachet water sold in Lagos, Nigeria

Cited by 19 publications

References 0 publications

Parasites Associated with Sachet Drinking Water (Pure Water) in Awka, South-Eastern, Nigeria

Parasites Associated with Sachet Drinking Water (Pure Water) in Awka, South-Eastern, Nigeria

Bacteriological evaluation of some sachet water on sales in Owerri metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria

When urban taps run dry: Sachet water consumption and health effects in low income neighborhoods of Accra, Ghana

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About