Bacteriophage and bacteriophage resistance in lactic acid bacteria

Hill, Colin

doi:10.1016/0168-6445(93)90058-h

Cited by 23 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…During the fermentation processes, they are challenged with high concentrations of a variety of phages. These highly selective environmental conditions are most probably responsible for the selection of strains with diverse phage defense mechanisms, including adsorption interference, restriction and modification, and abortive infection (38). Lactococci represent, therefore, a good model for studying bacteria or phage coevolution and identifying phage defense mechanisms.…”

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confidence: 99%

Gene organization and transcription of a late-expressed region of a Lactococcus lactis phage

et al. 1996

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The lactococcal phage bIL41 belongs to the small isometric-headed phages of the 936 quasi-species and is resistant to the abortive infection determined by abiB. A 10.2-kb segment from this phage, in which late transcription is initiated, has been sequenced. Thirteen open reading frames (ORFs) organized in one transcriptional unit have been identified. The location of two of them and the structural features of the proteins they code for are evocative of terminase subunits. Five other ORFs specify proteins which are highly homologous to structural proteins from the closely related phage F4-1. By comparing the phage bIL41 sequence with partial sequences available for four related phages, we were able to deduce a chimerical phage map covering the middle-and a large part of the late-expressed regions. Phages from this quasi-species differ by the insertion or deletion of either 1 to about 400 bp in noncoding regions or an entire ORF. Transcription was initiated 9 min after infection at a promoter with a ؊10 but no ؊35 consensus sequence. Synthesis of a phage activator protein was needed for initiation of transcription. A large 16-kb transcript covering all of the late-expressed region of the genome was synthesized. This transcript gave rise to smaller units. One of these units most probably resulted from a RNase E processing.Lactococci are widely used for the manufacture of dairy products. During the fermentation processes, they are challenged with high concentrations of a variety of phages. These highly selective environmental conditions are most probably responsible for the selection of strains with diverse phage defense mechanisms, including adsorption interference, restriction and modification, and abortive infection (38). Lactococci represent, therefore, a good model for studying bacteria or phage coevolution and identifying phage defense mechanisms. A variety of phage abortive infection mechanisms have been described in Lactococcus lactis (2,24,25,30,32,40,54). All of them are active against phages of one of the prevailing groups in the dairy environment, designated species 936 (42). A model has been proposed for two of these mechanisms, designated AbiB (24) and AbiD1 (2). AbiB was shown to prevent phage growth by promoting a dramatic degradation of phage transcripts 10 min after infection (57). It was proposed that phage infection either induces the synthesis or stimulates the activity of an RNase in AbiB cells (57). AbiD1 was proposed to prevent phage growth by decreasing the amount of an essential phage product encoded by middle-expressed genes (9). However, the molecular basis of phage-Abi interactions has not yet been elucidated, not only because of their complexity but also because of the scarcity of data available on lactococcal phages of the 936 species.The lactococcal 936 phage species will be designated as a quasi-species in this paper, as suggested by Casjens et al. (15) for the lambdoid phages. Isometric-headed phages from the 936 quasi-species have a double-stranded DNA genome of about 30 kb and c...

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Gene organization and transcription of a late-expressed region of a Lactococcus lactis phage

et al. 1996

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“…According to Hill (1993), there are three resistance mechanisms against phage inhibition in lactic acid bacteria. The first is adsorption inhibition due to the incapability of attachment of bacteriophage to the host.…”

Section: Increasing Phage Resistance Of Cheese Startersmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Characteristics, Detection and Control of Bacteriophage in Fermented Dairy Products

Ahn¹,

Azzouny²,

Huyền³

et al. 2009

Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources

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This study was to review the classification, detection and control of bacteriophage in fermented dairy products. Bacteriophage has lytic and/or lysogenic life cycles. Epidemiologically speaking, detected major phages are c2, 936 and p335. Among them p335 has been the largest concern in dairy industry. Traditionally, various analytical technologies, such as spot, starter activity, indicator test, ATP measurement and conductimetric analysis, have been used for the phage detection. In recent years, advanced methods such as flow cytometric method, petrifilm, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and multiflex PCR diagnostic kit have been deveoloped. The phage contamination has been controlled by using heat, highpressure treatment, and the combinations of heat and pressure, and/or chemical. Also some starter cultures with phage-resistant character have been developed to minimize the concentration of phages in dairy product. Bacteriophage inhibition media such as calcium medium was also mentioned. To prevent the contamination of bacteriophage in dairy industry, further researches on the detection and control of phage, and phage resistant starters are necessary in the future.

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“…Most importantly, lysogenic bacteriophage genomes become less reliable over time due to fluctuations in genome copy number as they become packaged into viral particles. Repeated infection-reinfection cycles can also render infected bacteria resistant to further bacteriophage infection as the target cell tries to escape superinfection 6 , reducing the effect of repeated treatment. These limitations diminish the effectiveness of bacteriophage therapies as a viable treatment strategy.…”

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Engineered Phagemids for Nonlytic, Targeted Antibacterial Therapies

et al. 2015

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The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections is creating a global public health threat. Because conventional antibiotic drug discovery has failed to keep pace with the rise of resistance, a growing need exists to develop novel antibacterial methodologies. Replication-competent bacteriophages have been utilized in a limited fashion to treat bacterial infections. However, this approach can result in the release of harmful endotoxins, leading to untoward side effects. Here, we engineer bacterial phagemids to express antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and protein toxins that disrupt intracellular processes, leading to rapid, nonlytic bacterial death. We show that this approach is highly modular, enabling one to readily alter the number and type of AMPs and toxins encoded by the phagemids. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of engineered phagemids in an in vivo murine peritonitis infection model. This work shows that targeted, engineered phagemid therapy can serve as a viable, nonantibiotic means to treat bacterial infections, while avoiding the health issues inherent to lytic and replicative bacteriophage use.

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Bacteriophage and bacteriophage resistance in lactic acid bacteria

Cited by 23 publications

References 64 publications

Gene organization and transcription of a late-expressed region of a Lactococcus lactis phage

Gene organization and transcription of a late-expressed region of a Lactococcus lactis phage

The Characteristics, Detection and Control of Bacteriophage in Fermented Dairy Products

Engineered Phagemids for Nonlytic, Targeted Antibacterial Therapies

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