Bacteriophages as Fecal Pollution Indicators

Toribio-Avedillo, Daniel; Blanch, Anicet R.; Muniesa, Maite; Rodríguez-Rubio, Lorena

doi:10.3390/v13061089

Cited by 33 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 125 publications

(162 reference statements)

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“…F-specific bacteriophages are inactivated by high temperature or high pH and have low persistence in warmer climates. F-specific bacteriophages thus perform more accurately as indicators in samples where they predominate, such as groundwater, clay sediments, and reclaimed waters [83]. MS2 is a strain of F+ RNA (group I) coliphage.…”

Section: Coliphagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

Jiang

Bischel

Goel

et al. 2022

Water

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Wastewater reclamation and reuse have the potential to supplement water supplies, offering resiliency in times of drought and helping to meet increased water demands associated with population growth. Non-potable water reuse represents the largest potential reuse market. Yet, economic constraints for new water reuse infrastructure and safety concerns due to microbial water quality, especially viral pathogen exposure, limit the widespread implementation of water reuse. Cost-effective, real-time methods to measure or indicate the viral quality of recycled water would do much to instill greater confidence in the practice. This manuscript discusses advancements in monitoring and modeling viral health risks in the context of water reuse. First, we describe current wastewater reclamation processes and treatment technologies with an emphasis on virus removal. Second, we review technologies for the measurement of viruses, both culture- and molecular-based, along with their advantages and disadvantages. We outline promising viral surrogates and specific pathogenic viruses that can serve as indicators of viral risk for water reuse. We suggest metagenomic analyses for viral screening and flow cytometry for quantification of virus-like particles as new approaches to complement more traditional methods. Third, we describe modeling to assess health risks through quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs), the most common strategy to couple data on virus concentrations with human exposure scenarios. We then explore the potential of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to incorporate suites of data from wastewater treatment processes, water quality parameters, and viral surrogates. We recommend ANNs as a means to utilize existing water quality data, alongside new complementary measures of viral quality, to achieve cost-effective strategies to assess risks associated with infectious human viruses in recycled water. Given the review, we conclude that technologies will be ready to identify and implement viral surrogates for health risk reduction in the next decade. Incorporating modeling with monitoring data would likely result in a more robust assessment of water reuse risk.

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Section: Coliphagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

Jiang

Bischel

Goel

et al. 2022

Water

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“…The ability to isolate bacteriophages and perform rudimentary characterization is desired for a variety of applications such as the detection of phage contamination in the dairy industry (Marcó, Moineau, & Quiberoni, 2012), as an indicator of water quality (Toribio-Avedillo, Blanch, Muniesa, & Rodríguez-Rubio, 2021), or for use as a therapeutic to treat antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections (Hyman, 2019). Bacteriophage isolation is a relatively straightforward procedure where a sample is incubated with a host bacterium to enable phage propagation and detection.…”

Section: Commentary Background Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriophage Isolation, Purification, and Characterization Techniques Against Ubiquitous Opportunistic Pathogens

et al. 2022

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Healthcare‐associated infection with “ESKAPE” pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species) is a global health crisis due to their extensive intrinsic antibiotic resistance and the ability to quickly acquire resistance determinants. Alternative treatment options are required to combat this crisis, and one possibility is the use of bacteriophages, or viruses that strictly infect the pathogenic bacteria. Currently, there is a renaissance in research and development into the use of phages to target multi‐, extensively, and pan‐resistant bacterial infections in humans, known as phage therapy. Using A. baumannii as an example, this article describes the isolation and purification of bacteriophages from sewage and soil samples, as well as general methods used in phage research such as precipitation of phages using polyethylene glycol, host range analysis, single‐cell burst size determination, DNA extraction, and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. © 2022 National Research Council Canada. Current Protocols © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Innovation, Science, and Industry. Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of bacteriophages against A. baumannii from sewage samples Alternate Protocol 1: Isolation of bacteriophages against A. baumannii from soil samples Support Protocol 1: Titering a bacteriophage stock Basic Protocol 2: Purification of phage to an axenic working stock Support Protocol 2: Liquid propagation of bacteriophage Basic Protocol 3: Host range analysis using the spot plate method Basic Protocol 4: Single burst size analysis Alternate Protocol 2: One‐step growth curve Basic Protocol 5: Precipitation of bacteriophage using PEG 6000 Basic Protocol 6: DNA extraction from dsDNA bacteriophages Basic Protocol 7: Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of novel phage genomes

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“…Similar to enteric viruses, bacteriophages are a valuable indicator for modelling their fate and movement. In contrast, enteric bacteriophages, especially those infecting Salmonella and E. coli, are used for source-tracking and monitoring faecal contamination of water and the environment [ 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Considering that the richest sources of phages include sewage, wastewater, animal farm effluent, and other faecal content abundant materials, most of those materials, with or without processing and purification, ultimately end up in waterways and get absorbed in the soil; opening multiple routes of faecal contamination into the raw feed, of both animal and plant origin [ 56 ].…”

Section: Biological Contaminants In Feedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feed Safety and the Development of Poultry Intestinal Microbiota

Stanley

Bajagai²

2022

Animals

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The first feed offered to young chicks is likely the most important meal in their life. The complex gut colonisation process is determined with early exposure and during the first days of life before the microbial community is formed. Therefore, providing access to high-quality feed and an environment enriched in the beneficial and deprived of pathogenic microorganisms during this period is critical. Feed often carries a complex microbial community that can contain major poultry pathogens and a range of chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticides and herbicides, which, although present in minute amounts, can have a profound effect on the development of the microbial community and have a permanent effect on bird’s overall health and performance. The magnitude of their interference with gut colonisation in livestock is yet to be determined. Here, we present the animal feed quality issues that can significantly influence the microbial community development, thus severely affecting the bird’s health and performance.

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Bacteriophages as Fecal Pollution Indicators

Cited by 33 publications

References 125 publications

Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

Integrating Virus Monitoring Strategies for Safe Non-Potable Water Reuse

Bacteriophage Isolation, Purification, and Characterization Techniques Against Ubiquitous Opportunistic Pathogens

Feed Safety and the Development of Poultry Intestinal Microbiota

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