“…Among the engineering applications of proteins, energy harvesting is significant due to the ubiquity of biological stimulus and the protein required for energy conversion. The most prominent protein-based photoelectric devices (Lanyi, 1993;Luecke et al, 1998;Ho et al, 2004) use the purple protein bacteriorhodopsin and its analogs (Bayley et al, 1981;Druzhko et al, 1996;Hiraki et al, 2002;Singh and Manjula, 2003) to generate transmembrane proton gradient from incident light. In addition to bacteriorhodopsin and its analogs, plant cell membranes have an abundance of proton transporters that are essential for nutrient transport and growth (Buch-Pedersen and Palmgren, 2003;Carpaneto et al, 2005;Sondergaard et al, 2004;Briskin and Reynolds-Niesman, 1991;Briskin, 2005;Nelson and Taiz, 1989).…”