Bacteriotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract

The number of patients with inflammatory bowel disease is rapidly increasing in developed countries. The main cause of this increase is thought not to be genetic, but secondary to rapidly modernized environmental change. Changes in the environment have been detrimental to enteric probiotics useful for fermentation, inducing an increase in pathobionts that survive by means other than fermentation. This dysregulated microbiota composition, the so-called dysbiosis, is believed to have increased the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease. Bacteriotherapy, a treatment that prophylactically and therapeutically corrects the composition of disturbed intestinal microbiota, is a promising recent development. In fact, fecal microbiome transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection in 2013 was a significant contribution for bacteriotherapy. In this paper, we comprehensively review bacteriotherapy in an easy-to-understand format.

Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD

“…Probiotics are live microorganisms that have a positive influence on the gut due to modulating immune response, increasing the production of mucosal IgA and competing with pathological bacteria [ 44 , 45 ]. There are 10 to 100 trillion microbes in the human intestine, and they are commensal organisms that play an important role in humans—for instance, vitamin B synthesis and the digestion process [ 46 , 47 ]—but a modern lifestyle makes it difficult to maintain a healthy gut flora due to stress, hygiene and antibiotic use causing dysbiosis [ 48 ]. The biggest group of intestinal bacteria is lactic acid-producing bacteria (LAB), which produce lactic acid during the anaerobic digestion of saccharides.…”

“…are a main group of bacteria in fermented food such as pickles, soured milk and kefir and are considered to be safe for humans [ 49 ]. Due to the development of refrigerated food storage, the need for food preservation by fermentation is diminished, as its consumption could influence the gut microbiota and even cause dysbiosis [ 48 ].…”

Native and Engineered Probiotics: Promising Agents against Related Systemic and Intestinal Diseases

“…A general consensus has been established that gut microbiota play pivotal roles in the development of IBD [ 86 ]. Probiotics and their produced metabolites are crucial for gut homeostasis, suggesting they may have a role in the treatment of IBD [ 87 , 88 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Bacteriotherapy with human skin commensals in atopic dermatitis

“…The contribution of the human microbiome in shaping immune responses and long‐term disease risk has increased interest in identifying “healthy” commensal bacteria to be used as adjuvants in the treatment of various medical conditions. A direct example of a clinically applied bacteriotherapy is fecal microbiome transplantation, which is currently used as an alternative treatment for individuals with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections 7 …”