Baculovirus resistance in codling moth is virus isolate-dependent and the consequence of a mutation in viral gene<i>pe38</i>

Gebhardt, Manuela; Eberle, Karolin E.; Radtke, Pit; Jehle, Johannes A.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1411089111

Cited by 59 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…When pe38 of CpGV-M (genome group A) was replaced by pe38 from the resistancebreaking isolate CpGV-S (genome group E), the infectivity of the resulting CpGV-M recombinant could be fully restored for the resistant CM strain CpRR1. This finding demonstrated that pe38 of CpGV-M is indeed the only target of resistance to CpGV-M in CpRR1 (4). The function of pe38 and the resistance mechanism against pe38 in CpGV are still not fully understood.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…For CpRR1, systemic resistance in all instars was observed, and an early block in virus replication was found to be inherited in an incompletely dominant monogenic mode linked to the Z chromosome (13,19,20). It was further found that CpGV resistance had developed only against the commercially used CpGV-M (genome group A), whereas other CpGVs from genome groups B to E were able to break resistance (4,14,21,22). Strikingly, the genomes of all resistance-breaking CpGVs of genome groups B to E had only a single common difference from CpGV-M, which was the insertion of a 24-bp repeat motif in the open reading frame (ORF) pe38 of CpGV-M (4).…”

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confidence: 98%

“…These isolates can be distinguished by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) (7)(8)(9), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in highly conserved genes (10), and their phylogenetic position based on genome sequencing (4). All known CpGV isolates are classified into one of five phylogenetic genome groups, A to E (4,10). Since the early 1990s, the isolate CpGV-M (ϭ genome group A), first discovered in Mexico (5), had been used in all commercial CpGV products in Europe.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thus, an individual might be homozygous resistant or susceptible or heterozygous; Table 1 shows the different possible parental and F 1 genotypic combinations for a dominant trait. For CpGV resistance following the mode of inheritance as described for CpRR1, it is expected that individuals carrying at least one resistance allele would survive the discriminating concentration on CpGV-M but not on the resistance-breaking CpGV-S (4,13,19). This assumption was confirmed in reciprocal CpRR1 ϫ CpS crosses ( Table 2, lines 0.1 and 0.2); in seven CpRR1 female (CpRR1&) ϫ CpS male (CpS() crosses, the mortality rates on CpGV-M and CpGV-S were 62.1% (expected, 50%) and 97.1% (expected, Ͼ95%), respectively.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

Jehle

Schulze-Bopp

Undorf-Spahn

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Cydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) is an important biocontrol agent for the codling moth (CM) in organic and integrated apple production worldwide. Previously, Z chromosome-linked dominant resistance in at least 38 CM field populations in Europe was reported, threatening organic apple production. Growers responded by switching to a different resistance-breaking isolate of CpGV that could control these populations. Here, we report a nonuniform response of different CM field populations to CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups A to E. Even more strikingly, one field population, NRW-WE, was resistant to all known CpGV genome groups except group B. Single-pair crossing experiments with a susceptible strain, followed by resistance testing of the F 1 offspring, clearly indicated cross-resistance to CpGV isolates that had been considered to be resistance breaking. This finding provides clear evidence of a second, broader type of CpGV resistance with a novel mode of inheritance that cannot be fully explained by Z-linkage of resistance.IMPORTANCE CpGV is registered and used in virtually all commercial apple growing areas worldwide and is therefore the most widely used baculovirus biocontrol agent. Recently, resistance to CpGV products was reported in different countries in Europe, threatening organic growers who rely almost exclusively on CpGV products. This resistance appeared to be targeted against a 24-bp repeat in the pe38 gene in isolate CpGV-M of genome group A, which had been used commercially for many years. On the other hand, resistance could be broken by CpGV isolates from CpGV genome groups B to E. Here, we report clear evidence of a second type of field resistance that is also directed against resistance-breaking isolates of CpGV genome groups C, D, and E and which appears not to be targeted against CpGV pe38. Therefore, we propose to differentiate between type I resistance, which is targeted against pe38 of CpGV genome group A, and a novel type II resistance with an unknown molecular target. This finding stresses the need for further adoption of resistance management strategies for CpGV, since growers cannot rely solely on the use of resistance-breaking CpGV isolates.KEYWORDS baculovirus, biological control, Cydia pomonella, host resistance C ydia pomonella granulovirus (CpGV) (family Baculoviridae) is a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that is highly virulent to the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella L., one of the most destructive insect pests in apple, pear, and walnut orchards. Since CpGV is harmless to nontarget animals and has no detrimental impact on the environment (1, 2), commercial CpGV products became a cornerstone of efficient, highly selective, and environmentally friendly control of CM in integrated and organic pome fruit production (3). Today, CpGV products are registered as biocontrol agents in at least 34 countries worldwide (4).

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confidence: 94%

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confidence: 98%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

Jehle

Schulze-Bopp

Undorf-Spahn

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Granulovirus OBs are stable, do not aggregate, and are readily obtainable because the virus is commercially used in horticulture to control codling moth (C. pomonella) in orchards (26). Granuloviruses belong to the Betabaculovirus genus of the Baculoviridae family, a group of insect viruses characterized by viral OBs, infectious microcrystals that form within infected larvae and persist for long periods in the environment (27).…”

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confidence: 99%

Atomic structure of granulin determined from native nanocrystalline granulovirus using an X-ray free-electron laser

Gati

Oberthüer

Yefanov

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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To understand how molecules function in biological systems, new methods are required to obtain atomic resolution structures from biological material under physiological conditions. Intense femtosecond-duration pulses from X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) can outrun most damage processes, vastly increasing the tolerable dose before the specimen is destroyed. This in turn allows structure determination from crystals much smaller and more radiation sensitive than previously considered possible, allowing data collection from room temperature structures and avoiding structural changes due to cooling. Regardless, high-resolution structures obtained from XFEL data mostly use crystals far larger than 1 μm 3 in volume, whereas the X-ray beam is often attenuated to protect the detector from damage caused by intense Bragg spots. Here, we describe the 2 Å resolution structure of native nanocrystalline granulovirus occlusion bodies (OBs) that are less than 0.016 μm 3 in volume using the full power of the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) and a dose up to 1.3 GGy per crystal. The crystalline shell of granulovirus OBs consists, on average, of about 9,000 unit cells, representing the smallest protein crystals to yield a high-resolution structure by X-ray crystallography to date. The XFEL structure shows little to no evidence of radiation damage and is more complete than a model determined using synchrotron data from recombinantly produced, much larger, cryocooled granulovirus granulin microcrystals. Our measurements suggest that it should be possible, under ideal experimental conditions, to obtain data from protein crystals with only 100 unit cells in volume using currently available XFELs and suggest that single-molecule imaging of individual biomolecules could almost be within reach.XFEL | nanocrystals | structural biology | bioimaging | SFX I maging of biomolecules using radiation of short enough wavelength to resolve individual atoms is limited by radiation damage, which destroys the very structure being measured. Energy absorption is unavoidable because the ratio of elastic scattering to damaging photoabsorption is an inherent property of atoms. Absorbed dose is therefore proportional to the scattered intensity, and thus the measured signal, used to determine the structure. The maximum tolerable dose that the sample can withstand fundamentally limits atomic resolution structure determination (1). The tolerable dose, and therefore damage, is a function of spatial resolution, with fine detail being destroyed first (2, 3). Radiation damage is typically overcome by distributing the dose over many identical copies of the same molecule, either using crystals containing many aligned copies of the same molecule, or by aligning images of individual molecules in the case of single particle electron microscopy. At room temperature, free radical production after a dose as small as 150 kGy (gray = J _ kg −1 absorbed energy) causes rapid decay of biological samples (4). This decay can be reduced by cooling the sample to below ∼120 K....

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Insect Viruses as Biocontrol Agents: Challenges and Opportunities

Abd-Alla

Meki

Demirbaş-Uzel

2019

Cottage Industry of Biocontrol Agents and Their Applications

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Baculovirus resistance in codling moth is virus isolate-dependent and the consequence of a mutation in viral genepe38

Cited by 59 publications

References 40 publications

Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

Evidence for a Second Type of Resistance against Cydia pomonella Granulovirus in Field Populations of Codling Moths

Atomic structure of granulin determined from native nanocrystalline granulovirus using an X-ray free-electron laser

Insect Viruses as Biocontrol Agents: Challenges and Opportunities

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