Baculovirus‐resistant Anticarsia gemmatalis responds differently to dietary rutin

Abstract

The velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), the major soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill (Fabaceae)] defoliator pest in Brazil can be controlled by a specific and virulent nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgMNPV). Flavonoids such as rutin (quercetin 3‐O‐rhamnosylglucoside) were identified in soybean; it is known that this compound plays an important role in plant defense against lepidopteran pests. Studies were carried out to evaluate the biological and physiological activity of rutin (0.65 and 1.30%) on populations of A. gemmatalis resistant and susceptible to AgMNPV. Larvae from the resistant population were more negatively influenced by rutin, in comparison to larvae of the susceptible population, even with the addition of the lowest level of the flavonoid (0.65%) to the insect diet. The highest mortality (98%) was observed in the resistant population, when larvae fed on the diet containing 1.30% of rutin. Elongation of the feeding time, smaller initial larval weight, and pupal weight was observed on the virus‐resistant and ‐susceptible populations after adding 0.65 and 1.30% rutin to the diet. Larvae of the resistant population to AgMNPV fed on diet plus rutin 0.65% were also less efficient in the conversion of ingested and digested food into biomass.

<b>Effect of the flavonoid rutin on the biology of <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i> (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

“…The deterrent effect is related to astringency, which is caused by phenolic compounds precipitating proteins (Appel & Maines, 1995). Reduced food intake and its consequent deleterious effects were also observed in A. gemmatalis fed artificial diets containing rutin Piubelli et al, 2006).…”

“…Therefore, the adverse effects observed in the larvae fed diets containing rutin most likely occurred because of the presence of toxins in the artificial diets (Harborne & Grayer, 1993;Hoffmann-Campo et al, 2006;Piubelli et al, 2006;Salvador et al, 2010). These toxins may have produced damage in the digestive tract of S. frugiperda that was similar to the damage in the midgut of A. gemmatalis fed soybean genotypes containing the flavonoid rutin (Salvador et al, 2010).…”

“…Rutin can prolong the life cycle of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hubner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and cause higher larval mortality when it is added to the insect diet (Gazzoni, Hulsmeyer, & HoffmannCampo, 1997;Hoffmann-Campo et al, 2006;Piubelli, Hoffmann-Campo, Moscardi, Miyakubo, & Oliveira, 2006). Larvae of Manduca sexta Linnaeus, 1763 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) fed a diet containing rutin showed negative growth performance (Stamp & Skrobola, 1993).…”

Do different casein concentrations increase the adverse effect of rutin on the biology of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)?

“…larvae fed on rutin-diet may have been a tentative to uptake the required nutrients to enhance survival. However, A. gemmatalis fed diets with different rutin concentrations in comparison to rutin-free diets were also shown to have reduced food consumption , Piubelli et al 2006, indicating the larva attempted to avoid poisoning by eating smaller meals, for a prolonged time, to obtain the ideal weight for pupation. Although this strategy allows them to survive, the prolonged larval development will certainly make them largely prone to the attack of their natural enemies in field conditions, increasing their mortality risks.…”

Natural Occurrence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) on Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul

“…The viruses (Baculovirus anticarsia) and entomopathogenic fungi are responsible for biological control of pest populations of A. gemmatalis (PiuBeLLi et al 2006;sosa-Gómez et al 2010).…”