Baghdad: Portrait of a City IIM Physical and Cultural Change

Impact of Reach Centralities on Urban Accessibility and Connectivity: Insights from Iraq

“…These modern interventions include the implementation of grid-patterned streets for automobiles, the erection of high-rise concrete buildings, and the application of zoning principles. Pyla (2008), Theodosis (2008 and Gulick (1967) show that each of these developments has markedly influenced the traditional urban design of the area. However, Pieri (2008a) shows that the introduction of gridded streets for vehicular traffic has disrupted the historically organic road networks of Old Rusafa, leading to a diminution of its distinct character and human-scale design, as mentioned.…”

Housing and social segregation in Iraq

“…They also produced professional suburbs, so large that they were often called madina (city). Indeed in the 1970s Iraqi cities were characterized by suburbs as the Army City, Engineers' City, and so forth (Gulick, 1967).…”

Housing in postrevolutionary Iraq

“…Often, because of the large area distributed as a series of adjacent plots, the resulting suburb was called a city. Thus, as John Gulick (1967) noticed, one could find the officers' city, al-Thawrah city, alZuhur city, alongside the engineers' district, the police district, the doctors' district, and so on. The grouping of these districts occurred in such a way that the higher-income professions were grouped together and so on down the scale until at the bottom, the lower-income trades were grouped together.…”