Balanced approach to safety of high capacity silicon–germanium–carbon nanotube free-standing lithium ion battery anodes

DiLeo, Roberta A.; Ganter, Matthew J.; Thone, Melissa N.; Forney, Michael W.; Staub, Jason W.; Rogers, Ryan; Landi, Brian J.

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.09.007

Cited by 47 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…To improve the safety of the cell, many materials with better thermal stability have been developed, and some operating methods for the battery system have been suggested. Among various components of a cell, the cathode material [5][6][7], anode material [8][9][10], separator [11][12][13], and electrolyte [14][15][16] have been mostly studied. For example, Fergus [5] investigated the safety of different cathode materials and the results show that the safeties of different cathode materials rank as: LiFePO 4 (LFP) > LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) > LiCoO 2 (LCO) > LiNiO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter

Zhang

et al. 2016

Batteries

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Abstract:The effect of calendar aging on the thermal safety of 4.6 Ah pouch cells with a LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO) cathode was investigated by a battery test calorimeter (BTC) that can be used to determine the heat evolved during an uncontrolled exothermic runaway reaction. Cells were stored at 55˝C and 100% state of charge (SOC) for accelerated aging, and they were taken out after 10, 20, 40, 68, and 90 days of storage to obtain different aging states. Those cells were then put into the BTC for thermal safety tests. The results show the cell thermal safety improves after aging: (1) the self-heating temperature increases; (2) the thermal runaway temperature increases; and (3) the exothermal rate during the process of thermal runaway decreases. The cell voltage drops to zero about 40˝C earlier than the thermal runaway, indicating the voltage can be used as a signal for cell safety monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter

Zhang

et al. 2016

Batteries

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“…23,24 The weight reduction by eliminating metal foils can be significant where up to 76% electrode weight savings at the cell level can be realized. 20 Finally, improvements with CNT-based electrodes in capacity, rate capability, and capacity retention over electrodes fabricated using metal foils have been demonstrated. 23 In this paper, it is demonstrated that quantitative control over the Bi electrodeposition process can be obtained.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Due to the 3-dimensionality of the bulk CNT network within an electrode, the volume changes of bismuth associated with charge and discharge cycles may be accommodated without a net loss of Bi-CNT electrical contact, especially since this general phenomenon has been observed with other anode materials such as silicon and germanium in lithium based batteries. [17][18][19][20][21][22] In addition to current collection, the CNT substrate is lighter weight and much more corrosion resistant than metal foils and the 3-D nature of the CNT substrate allows for electrolyte and ion access. 23,24 The weight reduction by eliminating metal foils can be significant where up to 76% electrode weight savings at the cell level can be realized.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Anodes for Secondary Magnesium Ion Batteries Prepared via Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Bismuth on Carbon Nanotube Substrates

DiLeo

Zhang

Marschilok

et al. 2014

ECS Electrochemistry Letters

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Magnesium-ion batteries are attractive in part due to the high environmental abundance and low cost of magnesium metal. Anode materials other than Mg metal can provide access to new electrochemistries in non-corrosive Mg 2+ electrolytes. A cyclic voltammetric method for the preparation of bismuth (Bi) based anodes was developed by systematically exploring electrodeposition using a quartz crystal microbalance. Controlled deposition of Bi on carbon nanotubes substrates could be achieved, enabling the first electrochemical investigation of bismuth-carbon nanotube (Bi-CNT) composite electrodes. Quasi-reversible Mg electrochemistry of Bi-CNT composite electrodes in non-corrosive magnesium-based electrolyte was demonstrated, with an initial delivered capacity exceeding 180 mAh/g. While the initial capacities were high, significant capacity decreases were observed with repeated cycling, indicating that additional development is warranted to further optimize this system. Interest in magnesium-ion batteries as possible replacements for lithium-ion batteries remains high, in part due to the low cost and high earth abundance of magnesium.1-5 Much of the research to date employs magnesium metal as the anode, given the high theoretical volumetric capacity of 3832 mAh/cm 3 and non-dendritic electrochemical behavior associated with magnesium metal.3,6 However, several challenges remain for full implementation of a magnesium anode battery technology. The surface of magnesium metal when exposed to conventional electrolytes based on carbonates does not generate a surface that is readily electrochemically stripped and plated, which has been attributed to the formation of a non-ion conducting layer on the metal surface. [6][7][8] In order to address the surface issues of the magnesium new classes of electrolytes have been investigated. [8][9][10] However, these electrolytes are typically corrosive and may display significant volatility.11-14 Thus, an alternative anode to magnesium metal that may enable use of less corrosive electrolytes is desirable.Recent reports have investigated the use of bismuth metal as an anode material in magnesium based batteries. 15,16 Assuming six electron equivalents of bismuth oxidation to form magnesium bismuthide, (3Mg 2+ + 2Bi + 6e − Mg 3 Bi 2 ) translates to a theoretical capacity of 385 mAh/g Bi, Figure 1. As bismuth is a dense material (9.8 g/cm 3 ), a significant volume expansion (25-40% increase in Bi-Bi bond length for Mg 3 Bi 2 ) is required to accommodate Mg 2+ insertion and thus loss of contact to the current collecting electrode substrate upon repeated cycling may occur.Matsui and coworkers demonstrated capacities of ∼240 mAh/g for electrodeposited bismuth in corrosive alkylmagnesium/ alkylaluminum chloride based electrolyte.15 Proof of concept quasi-reversible electrochemistry for electrodeposited bismuth in acetonitrile/Mg(TFSI) 2 based electrolyte was also provided, however, only one cycle was shown and the capacity under this condition was not reported. 15 Liu and coworkers reported ∼3...

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“…For instance, Ge NW-porous carbon composite anode displayed better stability and higher specific capacity, indicating a synergistic effect between the two components [87]. A nanocomposite consisting of hierarchically porous Ge and modified carbon, synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method followed by annealing, had shown superior electrochemical performance, mainly due to the increase in electrode conductivity and buffering to accommodate the volume changes during cycling [88], as displayed in Figure 5(d).…”

Section: Carbon Coatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Demonstrating this double protection approach, Xue et al and Li et al demonstrated, separately, the much improved specific capacity, cycling performance, and rate capability of Ge@C/RGO nanocomposites, arising from the combined buffer and structural stability of the electrode [84,85]. In addition to carbon coating, combining Ge nanostructures and porous carbon had been shown to improve the cycling retention of the Ge-based anodes [87,88]. For instance, Ge NW-porous carbon composite anode displayed better stability and higher specific capacity, indicating a synergistic effect between the two components [87].…”

Section: Carbon Coatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

Ocon¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

2014

Applied Chemistry for Engineering

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Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are the state-of-the-art technology among electrochemical energy storage and conversion cells, and are still considered the most attractive class of battery in the future due to their high specific energy density, high efficiency, and long cycle life. Rapid development of power-hungry commercial electronics and large-scale energy storage applications (e.g. off-peak electrical energy storage), however, requires novel anode materials that have higher energy densities to replace conventional graphite electrodes. Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are thought to be ideal prospect candidates for next generation LIB anodes due to their extremely high theoretical energy capacities. For instance, Ge offers relatively lower volume change during cycling, better Li insertion/extraction kinetics, and higher electronic conductivity than Si. In this focused review, we briefly describe the basic concepts of LIBs and then look at the characteristics of ideal anode materials that can provide greatly improved electrochemical performance, including high capacity, better cycling behavior, and rate capability. We then discuss how, in the future, Ge anode materials (Ge and Ge oxides, Ge-carbon composites, and other Ge-based composites) could increase the capacity of today's Li batteries. In recent years, considerable efforts have been made to fulfill the requirements of excellent anode materials, especially using these materials at the nanoscale. This article shall serve as a handy reference, as well as starting point, for future research related to high capacity LIB anodes, especially based on semiconductor Ge and Si.

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Balanced approach to safety of high capacity silicon–germanium–carbon nanotube free-standing lithium ion battery anodes

Cited by 47 publications

References 18 publications

The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter

The Evolution of Lithium-Ion Cell Thermal Safety with Aging Examined in a Battery Testing Calorimeter

Composite Anodes for Secondary Magnesium Ion Batteries Prepared via Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Bismuth on Carbon Nanotube Substrates

High Energy Density Germanium Anodes for Next Generation Lithium Ion Batteries

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