Balanced Free Essential Amino Acids and Resistance Exercise Training Synergistically Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Impairments in Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice

Jang, Jiwoong; Koh, Jin‐Ho; Kim, Yeongmin; Kim, HeeJoo; Park, Sanghee; Chang, Yewon; Jung, Ji‐Yeon; Wolfe, Robert R.; Kim, Il‐Young

doi:10.3390/ijms23179735

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Higher EAA intake was related to improved anthropometric metrics, but this appears to have contradictory effects on lipid profile. 7 , 16 , 34 , 35 The study by Im et al conducted in Korea on 25787 subjects showed that increased intake of EAAs significantly lowered serum TG. Although the trend in FBS, BMI, and WC decreased with increasing EAAs intake, it was not significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A diet rich in EAAs may improve glycemic and anthropometric indices by decreasing lipogenic factors, enhancing insulin sensitivity, and boosting glycogenesis. 7 , 16 , 34 , 35 Satiety is affected by increases in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, thermogenesis, and protein metabolism. However, this may vary depending on the source of the protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protein Quality, Glycemic and Metabolic Indices and Anthropometric Features Among Overweight and Obese Adults

Soleimani

Farhangi

2023

Nutr Metab Insights

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Background: Various studies have shown an inverse relationship between the quality of protein intake based on essential amino acids (EAAs) with obesity and its complications. We assumed that increasing EAAs-based protein intake quality improves glycemic and metabolic markers and anthropometric measurements in obese and overweight people. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 180 obese and overweight participants aged 18 to 35. Dietary information was obtained using an 80-item food frequency questionnaire. The total intake of EAAs was calculated using the United States department of agriculture (USDA) database. Quality protein was defined as the ratio of EAAs (gr) to total dietary protein (gr). Sociodemographic status, physical activity (PA), and anthropometric characteristics were evaluated using a valid and reliable method. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) tests adjusted for sex, PA, age, energy, and body mass index (BMI) were used to measure this association. Results: Protein quality intake was highest among the group with the lowest weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and fat mass (FM); and on the other hand, the fat-free mass (FFM) has increased; also Increasing the quality of protein intake improved the lipid profile and some glycemic indices and insulin sensitivity, although this association was not significant. Conclusions: Increasing the quality of protein intake significantly improved anthropometric measurements, and also improved some glycemic and metabolic indices although, their relationship was not significant.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protein Quality, Glycemic and Metabolic Indices and Anthropometric Features Among Overweight and Obese Adults

Soleimani

Farhangi

2023

Nutr Metab Insights

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“…It has recently been shown that a diet enriched in free essential amino acids combined with resistance exercise training can improve the synthesis of myofibrillar protein, preservation of both NMJs and fiber type, and biogenesis of mitochondria in an experimental animal model [161]. Dietary supplementation with milk fat globular membrane, containing unique polar lipids and membrane-specific proteins, combined with running produces beneficial effects on NMJs in senescence-accelerated mice [162].…”

Section: Targeting the Muscle-brain Axis: Current Strategies And Emer...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis

et al. 2023

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Declines in physical performance and cognition are commonly observed in older adults. The geroscience paradigm posits that a set of processes and pathways shared among age-associated conditions may also serve as a molecular explanation for the complex pathophysiology of physical frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline. Mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, metabolic alterations, declines in cellular stemness, and altered intracellular signaling have been observed in muscle aging. Neurological factors have also been included among the determinants of sarcopenia. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are synapses bridging nervous and skeletal muscle systems with a relevant role in age-related musculoskeletal derangement. Patterns of circulating metabolic and neurotrophic factors have been associated with physical frailty and sarcopenia. These factors are mostly related to disarrangements in protein-to-energy conversion as well as reduced calorie and protein intake to sustain muscle mass. A link between sarcopenia and cognitive decline in older adults has also been described with a possible role for muscle-derived mediators (i.e., myokines) in mediating muscle–brain crosstalk. Herein, we discuss the main molecular mechanisms and factors involved in the muscle–brain axis and their possible implication in cognitive decline in older adults. An overview of current behavioral strategies that allegedly act on the muscle–brain axis is also provided.

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Free essential amino acid feeding improves endurance during resistance training via DRP1‐dependent mitochondrial remodelling

Jang,

Kim,

Song

et al. 2024

J cachexia sarcopenia muscle

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BackgroundLoss of muscle strength and endurance with aging or in various conditions negatively affects quality of life. Resistance exercise training (RET) is the most powerful means to improve muscle mass and strength, but it does not generally lead to improvements in endurance capacity. Free essential amino acids (EAAs) act as precursors and stimuli for synthesis of both mitochondrial and myofibrillar proteins that could potentially confer endurance and strength gains. Thus, we hypothesized that daily consumption of a dietary supplement of nine free EAAs with RET improves endurance in addition to the strength gains by RET.MethodsMale C57BL6J mice (9 weeks old) were assigned to control (CON), EAA, RET (ladder climbing, 3 times a week), or combined treatment of EAA and RET (EAA + RET) groups. Physical functions focusing on strength or endurance were assessed before and after the interventions. Several analyses were performed to gain better insight into the mechanisms by which muscle function was improved. We determined cumulative rates of myofibrillar and mitochondrial protein synthesis using 2H2O labelling and mass spectrometry; assessed ex vivo contractile properties and in vitro mitochondrial function, evaluated neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability, and assessed implicated molecular singling pathways. Furthermore, whole‐body and muscle insulin sensitivity along with glucose metabolism, were evaluated using a hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp.ResultsEAA + RET increased muscle mass (10%, P < 0.05) and strength (6%, P < 0.05) more than RET alone, due to an enhanced rate of integrated muscle protein synthesis (19%, P < 0.05) with concomitant activation of Akt1/mTORC1 signalling. Muscle quality (muscle strength normalized to mass) was improved by RET (i.e., RET and EAA + RET) compared with sedentary groups (10%, P < 0.05), which was associated with increased AchR cluster size and MuSK activation (P < 0.05). EAA + RET also increased endurance capacity more than RET alone (26%, P < 0.05) by increasing both mitochondrial protein synthesis (53%, P < 0.05) and DRP1 activation (P < 0.05). Maximal respiratory capacity increased (P < 0.05) through activation of the mTORC1‐DRP1 signalling axis. These favourable effects were accompanied by an improvement in basal glucose metabolism (i.e., blood glucose concentrations and endogenous glucose production vs. CON, P < 0.05).ConclusionsCombined treatment with balanced free EAAs and RET may effectively promote endurance capacity as well as muscle strength through increased muscle protein synthesis, improved NMJ stability, and enhanced mitochondrial dynamics via mTORC1‐DRP1 axis activation, ultimately leading to improved basal glucose metabolism.

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Balanced Free Essential Amino Acids and Resistance Exercise Training Synergistically Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Impairments in Muscle Strength, Endurance, and Insulin Sensitivity in Mice

Cited by 9 publications

References 45 publications

Protein Quality, Glycemic and Metabolic Indices and Anthropometric Features Among Overweight and Obese Adults

Protein Quality, Glycemic and Metabolic Indices and Anthropometric Features Among Overweight and Obese Adults

Sarcopenia and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: Targeting the Muscle–Brain Axis

Free essential amino acid feeding improves endurance during resistance training via DRP1‐dependent mitochondrial remodelling

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