Balancing climate goals and biodiversity protection: legal implications of the 30x30 target for land-based carbon removal

Abstract

This article examines the legal conflicts between land-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies and the establishment of protected areas through the lens of international environmental law. We argue that the 2022 Global Biodiversity Framework's “30x30” target—which aims to protect 30% of global terrestrial and marine areas by 2030—constitutes a “subsequent agreement” under international law and thus clarifies the legal scope and content of the obligation to establish protected areas under Article 8 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Since states have pledged 120 million square kilometers for land-based CDR, these commitments potentially conflict with the “30x30” target, especially if global cropland for food production is to be maintained. Consequently, some land-based CDR strategies may directly or indirectly impede the achievement of the “30x30” target, which could be deemed inconsistent with international law. However, as all international environmental law operates in a continuum, this does not imply that land-based CDR should be categorically ruled out. Rather, states should focus on emission reductions and implementing CDR options that provide the most co-benefits to climate mitigation and biodiversity protection efforts.

Peran Masyarakat Adat dalam Pemanfaatan dan Perlindungan Hukum Tanah Ulayat Sumatera Barat

“…Masyarakat adat setempat harus melakukan diskusi dan membuat kesepakatan untuk mengatur penggunaan tanah adat oleh pihak-pihak yang bukan anggota kelompok. Kesepakatan ini dimaksudkan untuk membantu kedua belah pihak dan mencegah terjadinya konflik lahan (Günther, 2023). Salah satu pihak harus meminta izin kepada ketua adat untuk menggunakan tanah ulayat untuk pembangunan infrastruktur, serta panen berikutnya, mereka harus membayar biaya pengakuan dan sewa.…”