Balancing reactive oxygen species generation by rebooting gut microbiota

Abstract

Reactive oxygen species (ROS; free radical form O 2 •− , superoxide radical; OH • , hydroxyl radical; ROO • , peroxyl; RO • , alkoxyl and non-radical form 1 O 2 , singlet oxygen; H 2 O 2 , hydrogen peroxide) are inevitable companions of aerobic life with crucial role in gut health. But, overwhelming production of ROS can cause serious damage to biomolecules. In this review, we have discussed several sources of ROS production that can be beneficial or dangerous to the human gut. Micro-organisms, organelles and enzymes play crucial role in ROS generation, where NOX1 is the main intestinal enzyme, which produce ROS in the intestine epithelial cells. Previous studies have reported that probiotics play significant role in gut homeostasis by checking the ROS generation, maintaining the antioxidant level, immune system and barrier protection. With current knowledge, we have critically analysed the available literature and presented the outcome in the form of bubble maps to suggest that the probiotics help in controlling the ROS-specific intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer. Finally, it has been concluded that rebooting of the gut microbiota with probiotics, postbiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) can have crucial implications in the structuring of gut communities for the personalized management of the gastrointestinal (GI) diseases.

Involvement of Sep38β in the Insecticidal Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis against Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera)

“…Abundant evidence suggests that mucosal contact with microorganisms in mammals induces ROS production. 51,52 In invertebrates, a similar phenomenon has been observed. In Marsupenaeus japonicus, C. elegans, D. melanogaster, and Aedes albopictus, the pathogens can induce ROS production via DUOX in response to the pathogens.…”

“…Abundant evidence suggests that mucosal contact with microorganisms in mammals induces ROS production. , In invertebrates, a similar phenomenon has been observed. In Marsupenaeus japonicus, C.…”

Pathogenicity and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica , the agent of amoebiasis

“…Catalase or glutathione (GSH) reduce H 2 O 2 [ 86 ]. Some bacteria from the microbiota contribute to ROS levels in the intestinal lumen [ 87 ], bacteria as well as other intestinal microorganisms accommodate to live with ROS levels related to homoeostasis. During the onset and establishment of intestinal diseases ROS level may increase triggering oxidative stress (OS), which damage lipids, proteins, and DNA and lead to cell death.…”

Melatonin–Microbiome Two-Sided Interaction in Dysbiosis-Associated Conditions

“…There is direct involvement of commensal bacteria in metabolizing ROS, as the lactic acid-producing bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus spp.) are equipped with lactate oxidase, NADH oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and pyruvate oxidase—which are enzymes that can remove ROS, thus, reducing oxidative stress [ 116 ].…”

“…Thus, redox homeostasis is required for proper cellular metabolism and function, and the overproduction of ROS leads to oxidative stress and subsequent inflammation via NF-κB activation [ 118 ]. The redox imbalance, either in favor of ROS synthesis or ROS deficit, is closely linked to the pathophysiology of various diseases, ranging from gastrointestinal to neurodegenerative disorders [ 116 , 119 , 120 , 121 ].…”