Balancing the Water-Carbon Trade-Off: Development of a Bi-Level Source-Grid-Load Synergistic Optimization Model for Multi-Regional Electric Power System

Abstract

This study introduces the Bi-Level Source–Grid–Load Synergistic Optimization (BL_SGLSO) model, which effectively balances the competing objectives of water conservation and carbon emission reduction in the power industry. The model aims to establish a clean and low-carbon electric power system by harmoniously reconciling these two critical goals. Through the application of bi-level programming, the BL_SGLSO model adeptly manages the preferences and conflicts of decision makers at various levels while capturing regional interactions and the intricacies of electricity transmission. Key findings reveal that non-fossil energy conversion technologies are poised to become the dominant force in electricity generation, accounting for an impressive 89.34% share by 2050. To mitigate the spatial mismatch between power load and resource allocation, the development of new transmission pathways and the expansion of the “power transmission from west to east” initiative are paramount. Furthermore, the implementation of a carbon-reducing power system offers significant potential for conserving water resources and alleviating water stress. These insights provide invaluable guidance for decision makers seeking to optimize multi-regional electric power systems for both water efficiency and low-carbon outcomes while simultaneously promoting the adoption of renewable energy sources and fostering synergistic development across regions.

V2G Carbon Accounting and Revenue Allocation: Balancing EV Contributions in Distribution Systems

“…Equation ( 6) ensures that the voltage at node j does not exceed the maximum and minimum values. Similarly, Equation (7) ensures that the current in branch ij does not exceed its limit:…”

“…As one of the world's major carbon emitters, China actively promotes the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), aiming to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and striving to achieve a net-zero emission target [3]. Meanwhile, China is developing smart grids [4] and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology [5], enabling EVs to act as mobile energy storage systems, providing energy to the grid when necessary [6], thereby reducing carbon emissions in grid operations [7]. Additionally, emphasis is being placed on promoting green and sustainable corporate transformation through the establishment of carbon emission trading systems.…”